JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 


PHILADELPHIA. 


SECOND  SERIES,  VOLUME  XIII. 

PART  3. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES. 

P.  C.  STOCKHAUSEN,  PRINTER,  PHILADELPHIA. 


I9O7. 


I 


PUBLICATION  COMMITTEE. 

Henry  Skinner,  M.  D.  Philip  P.  Calvert,  Ph.  D. 

Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  Sc.  D.  Witmer  Stone. 

Edward  J.  Nolan,  M.  D. 

The  President,  Samuel  G.  Dixon,  M.  D.,  ex-officio. 

Editor,  Edward  J.  Nolan,  M.  D. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2016 


i 


a 


https://archive.org/details/moundvillerevisiOOmoor 


Moundville  Revisited 


Crystal  River  Revisited 


Mounds  of  the  Lower  Chattahoochee  and 

Lower  Flint  Rivers 


Notes  on  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  Florida 


CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 


PHILADELPHIA 

1907. 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

In  the  season  of  1905  we  conducted  an  investigation  in  the  mounds  and 
cemeteries  near  Monndville,1  Ala.,  which  place,  near  the  Black  Warrior  river,  is 
but  a few  miles  distant  from  the  city  of  Tuscaloosa.  Later,  we  published  an 
account2  of  our  work  at  Monndville. 

At  the  time  of  this  investigation  a comparatively  small,  but  seemingly  desira- 
ble, part  of  the  plateau  was  not  dug  into  by  us  on  account  of  the  advanced  state 
of  the  cotton  which  had  been  planted  upon  it.  To  explore  this  portion,  and  to  do 
additional  work  in  other  parts  investigated  by  us  before,  we  returned  to  Moundville 
in  November,  1906,  with  the  cordial  approval  of  Messrs.  Hardy  Clements  of  Tus- 
caloosa, and  C.  S.  Prince  of  Moundville,  owners  of  the  mounds  and  cemeteries  near 
Moundville,  with  whose  consent  our  previous  work  had  been  done. 

As  what  we  considered  a thorough  investigation  of  the  mounds  had  been 
made  at  our  first  visit,  we  devoted  but  little  time  to  them  on  our  return — digging 
into  none  of  them  with  the  exception  of  Mound  Q.  This  mound  had  been  well 
covered  with  trial-holes  without  result.  But  as  it  had  on  its  summit  plateau  dark, 
rich  soil  to  a considerable  depth,  and  as  in  soil  of  this  kind  burials  usually  are 
present  and  because,  in  the  material  thrown  out  from  a trial-hole,  one  of  our 
diggers  had  found  a small  ornament  of  sheet-copper,  we  decided  to  give  the  mound 
another  trial. 

On  our  second  visit,  the  summit  plateau  of  Mound  Q was  fairly  riddled  by  us 
with  trial-holes.  Our  former  judgment  was  confirmed. 

A plan  of  the  Moundville  mounds,  prepared  by  Dr.  M.  G.  Miller,  who  has  had 
charge  of  the  anatomical  part  of  all  our  investigations,  accompanies  this  report, 
for  the  literary  revision  of  which,  and  of  the  other  papers  in  this  volume,  we  are 
indebted  to  Mr.  F.  W.  Hodge. 

Somewhat  less  than  one  month  was  spent  by  us  at  Moundville  on  our  second 
visit,  with  a force  of  from  ten  to  sixteen  men  to  dig.  Every  part  of  the  great 
plateau  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  mounds,  which  seemed  to  offer  any  chance  for 
results,  was  dug  into  by  us.  In  many  instances  no  burials  were  found;  in  others 
burials  widely  apart  were  encountered  with  which  were  no  artifacts.  In  a few 
localities  our  work  was  rewarded. 

1 Formerly  called  Carthage  and  so  spoken  of  in  Pickett’s  “ History  of  Alabama”;  Thruston’s 
“ Antiquities  of  Tennessee  ” ; et  al. 

2 “ Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Black  Warrior  River.”  Journal  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  XIII. 

43JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA  , VOL.  XIII. 


338 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


While,  beyond  question,  objects  of  interest  must  yet  lie  buried  at  Mound- 
ville,  it  is  our  belief  they  are  widely  scattered — too  widely  so  to  warrant  sustained 
investigation.  At  all  events  our  work  at  this  interesting  place  is,  in  all  probability, 
ended. 

At  our  former  visit  to  Moundville,  no  urn-burials  were  met  with.  At  our 
second  investigation,  however,  two  were  encountered  which,  later,  will  be  more 
fully  described.  One  of  these  lay  at  a depth  of  about  four  feet  among  undis- 
turbed burials  of  other  kinds,  and  surely  was  contemporary  with  these  prehistoric 
interments. 

On  our  first  visit,  no  human  remains  were  recovered  entire. 

On  our  second  visit,  some  bones  in  somewhat  better  condition  were  found, 
owing,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that  most  of  our  successful  work  was  done  in  the 
ground  south  of  Mound  D,  which  is  a narrow  plateau  having  deep  gullies  on  two 
sides,  which  possibly  are  conducive  to  better  drainage.  However,  a number  of 
bones,  including  one  skull,  came  from  localities  at  Moundville  other  than  the  one 
we  have  named. 

Two  skulls  were  recovered  intact.  One  of  these  is  now  in  the  collection  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  (catalogue  number  2233).  The 
other  skull  is  at  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
has  been  reported  on  by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka  as  follows: 

“ The  skull  which  you  wished  me  to  examine,  marked  ‘ Field  near  Md.  M., 
Burial  No.  57,  Moundville,  Alabama,’  and  preserved  in  the  Army  Medical  Museum, 
shows  the  following  features: 

“ The  cranium  is  that  of  a,  young  female  adult.  It  presents  a slight  and 
mainly  postparietal,  accidental  (cradle-board),  compression. 

“The  specimen  shows  plain  Indian  features.  Its  consistency  and  good  state 
of  preservation  of  some  of  the  more  delicate  bones,  suggest  but  a moderate  anti- 
quity. In  type  it  approaches  the  form  that  was  common  to  the  tribes  of  the 
southeast  and  those  of  later  arrival  speaking  the  Creek  language.  It  is  impossible 
to  compare  it  with  the  Alibamese  or  other  old  tribes  in  Alabama,  on  account  of 
lack  of  material : there  are  in  the  National  Museum  collection  but  four  skulls  from 
the  State,  and  all  these  show  artificial,  ‘ flat-head,’  deformation,  which  obscures  the 
cranial  type. 

“ Detailed  Description  and  Measurements  : 

“ The  specimen  shows  average  Indian  features  in  almost  every  particular. 
The  capacity  is  1380  c.  c.,  which  indicates  in  a female  a fair  sized  brain.  In  shape 
it  is  mesocephalic  (cephalic  index  78)  and  high  (basion-bregma  height  14.3  cm.), 
but  a slight  shortening  and  augmentation  in  height  is  due  to  the  occipital  compres- 
sion. The  face  presents  a moderate  alveolar  prognathism,  such  as  is  usual  among 
the  Indians.  The  various  ridges  and  processes  indicate  moderate  muscular  devel- 
opment. The  sutures  are  all  quite  simple,  and  contain  but  three  small  Wormian 
ossicles  (all  in  the  lambdoid)  ; those  of  the  vault  show  no  trace  of  occlusion.  The 
base  exhibits  rather  small  middle  lacerated  foramina,  but  a slight  depression  of  the 


MOUND' VILLE  REVISITED. 


339 


petrous  parts  and  rudimentary  styloids — all  characteristic  Indian  features.  The 
nasal  aperture  is  mesorhinian  (index  50.),  the  mean  index  of  the  two  orbits  is 
mesoseme  (87.),  neither  of  which  is  exceptional.  The  teeth  are  of  moderate  size 
and  normal  form,  but  both  of  the  third  molars  are  congenitally  absent. 

“ Measurements  : 

Diameter  antero-posterior  max.  17.5 


U 

“Diameter  lateral  max. 
“Facial  height  (alvion-nasion) 


“Facial  breadth  (d.  bizygomatic  max.) 

“ Upper  Facial  Index 
“ Height  of  nose,  4.8:  breadth  max.,  2.4  c.m.; 
“ Height  of  right  orbit,  3.2;  of  left,  3.3  cm.; 
“ Breadth  of  right  orbit,  3.8  ; of  left,  3.7  cm.; 


13.65 

6.95 

13.25 


cm . 

a 


52.5 


“Maximum  circumference  of  skull  above  supraorbital  ridges,  49.2  cm.; 

“ Nasion-opistliion  arc  35.3  cm.; 

“ Thickness  of  left  parietal  4-6  mm. 

“I  trust  the  above  report  will  prove  of  some  utility.  It  should  be  kept  in 
mind  that,  except  under  very  special  circumstances,  an  examination  of  a single 
skull  is  of  little  significance  and  not  fit  to  base  any  important  conclusions  upon.” 

On  our  first  visit  a fragment  of  a skull  showed  moderate  artificial  flattening. 
Many  other  smaller  fragments  gave  no  evidence  of  this  treatment. 

A small  number  of  fragmentary  skulls,  found  at  the  time  of  our  second  visit, 
showed  the  effect  of  moderate  cranial  compression  ; while  a far  larger  number  of 
fragments  evidently  belonged  to  normal  skulls. 

During  our  first  investigation,  fragments  of  human  remains  were  found  pre- 
sumably bearing  traces  of  the  effects  of  a specific  disease.1  At  our  second  visit 
many  bones  were  found,  sometimes  a number  belonging  to  one  skeleton,  showing 
such  decided  lesions  that  all  these  remains  were  carefully  put  aside  and,  later, 
were  given  by  us  to  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum.2  The  result  of 
investigation  at  that  institution  has  kindly  been  reported  to  us  as  follows  : 


“Dr.  James  Carroll,  First  Lieut,  and  Asst.  Surgeon,  U.  S.  Army,  Curator 
Army  Medical  Museum, 

“ Sir  : — 

“ In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I have  the  honor  to  report  that  the 
lot  of  bones  from  mounds  at  Moundville,  Ala.,  contributed  by  Mr.  Clarence  B. 
Moore,  comprised  about  70  pieces,  some  of  them  rather  fragmentary.  Of  these  70, 


1 William  C.  Mills,  M.Sc.,  found  a large  number  of  syphilitic  bones  in  the  Baum  prehistoric  vil- 
lage site,  Ohio.  “ Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site,”  Fifteenth  Annual  Publication 
Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

See  also  “ Der  Ursprung  der  Syphilis  ( Morbus  Americanus).”  Internationaler  Amerikanisten- 
Kongress,  Stuttgart,  1904.  “ Der  Ursprung  der  Syphilis,”  Jena,  1901  ; both  by  Dr.  Iwan  Bloch. 

2 With  these  bones  were  sent  certain  reunited  fractures  and  some  normal  bones  belonging  to 
skeletons  showing  abnormalities. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


340 

fifty  show  the  usual  conditions  found  in  bone-syphilis,  such  as  periosteal  nodes, 
especially  along  the  crest  of  the  tibia,  irregular  erosions,  scleroses  and  necroses  of 
long  bones,  erosions  of  calvarium  as  from  gummata;  many  bones  of  the  same 
skeleton  being  affected.  I do  not  think  there  can  be  any  doubt  that  these  bones 
are  from  cases  of  syphilis. 

“ Some  other  bones  of  the  lot  show  exostoses  of  uncertain  origin  ; the  remain- 
der are  either  normal  or  show  fractures  more  or  less  healed. 

“ Very  respectfully  your  obedient  servant, 

“ D.  S.  Lamb,  Pathologist.” 

Among  hundreds  of  objects  found  by  us  during  both  our  visits  to  Moundville, 
not  one,  either  as  to  material  or  in  method  of  treatment,  gave  any  indication  of 
other  than  purely  aboriginal  provenance,  and  it  is  our  belief,  as  well  as  that  of 
eminent  archaeologists  who  have  examined  the  artifacts  from  Moundville,  that  the 
occupancy  of  the  site  was  prehistoric. 

The  art  of  Moundville  is  homogeneous.  The  same  classes  of  objects  were 
found  there  with  human  remains  whose  only  trace  was  a black  line  in  the  soil,  as 
were  encountered  with  better-preserved  skeletons.  Not  only,  as  we  have  said,  did 
we  fail  to  find  at  Moundville  a single  object  denoting  European  contact,  but  there 
is  no  report  of  any  such  having  been  met  with  there  throughout  years  of  cultivation. 
It  is  well  known  to  mound-investigators  what  importance  is  attached  by  inhabit- 
ants of  a place  to  the  discovery  of  any  object  of  intrinsic  value,  be  that  value 
ever  so  small.  The  finding  of  a bead  of  gold  or  of  a cross  of  silver  causes  more 
talk  than  would  a whole  collection  of  aboriginal  objects  of  stone.  At  Moundville, 
among  whites  or  blacks,  no  rumor  as  to  precious  metals  is  current,  though  on  all 
sides  one  hears  reports  of  the  discovery  of  pipes  of  stone,  of  objects  of  shell  and  the 
like — reports  which  in  justice  to  the  tactful  and  intelligent  people  of  Moundville 
we  must  say  almost  invariably  proved  correct. 

HUMAN  REMAINS. 

Near  Mound  A. 

At  the  time  of  our  former  visit,  some  work  was  done  in  the  level  ground  near 
the  western  side  of  Mound  A,  resulting  in  the  finding  of  a number  of  skeletons 
not  associated  with  artifacts  of  any  sort. 

This  time,  there  being  no  interference  on  account  of  growing  crops,  as  was  the 
case  before,  we  devoted  eight  hours  to  the  locality,  with  an  average  of  fifteen  men, 
making  trenches  and  trial-holes.  Ten  burials  were  encountered,  consisting  of  eight 
skeletons  at  full  length  upon  the  back;  an  aboriginal  disturbance;  and  a single 
skull.  The  burials,  which  were  from  one  to  three  and  one-half  feet  in  depth,  had 
no  accompanying  artifacts,  with  the  exception  of  one  skeleton  with  which  were  a 
bowl  and  a water-bottle. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


341 


Ground  Northeast  of  Mound  C. 

The  ground  lying  to  the  northeast  of  Mound  C was  considerably  dug  into  by 
us  at  the  time  of  our  first  visit. 

On  our  second  visit  much  additional  digging  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  seven 

Ou  O J 

skeletons  of  adults,  lying  at  full  length  on  the  back;  one  lying  on  the  left  side, 
partly  flexed ; one  aboriginal  disturbance;  one  skeleton  of  an  infant  or  of  a very 
young  child  ; one  of  an  adult,  at  full  length  on  the  back,  the  upper  and  lower  parts 
being  separated  by  a space  of  two  feet. 

A few  comparatively  uninteresting  vessels  were  found  with  the  remains. 


Ground  South  of  Mound  D. 


We  investigated  to  a certain  extent  at  the  time  of  our  first  visit  the  narrow 
strip  of  land  between  two  deep  gullies  south  of  Mound  D,  which  is  shown  in  the 
plan  of  the  mounds. 

This  time,  in  addition  to  numerous  trial-holes  all  over  the  ground  to  the  north, 
as  well  as  to  the  south  of  Mound  D,  a part  of  the  area,  172 
feet  long,  with  a maximum  width  of  46  feet  (see  plan,  Fig. 

1),  was  dug  through  by  us  to  undisturbed  ground  below. 

This  work  required  from  ten  to  sixteen  men  to  dig,  with 
three  men  to  oversee,  for  more  than  ten  days  of  eight  work- 
ing hours  each,  a certain  part  of  this  time,  however,  being 
occupied  in  refilling. 

The  ground,  dark  with  organic  matter,  evidently  an 
accumulation  during  long  occupancy,  had  an  average  depth 
of  about  2.5  feet,  when  undisturbed  yellow  clay  was  reached. 

Into  this  clay  grave-pits  had  been  dug  in  places.  In  other 
instances  burials  had  been  made  in  the  accumulated  soil 
above  the  clay.  The  limits  of  the  graves  in  the  soil  above, 
and  in  some  instances  of  those  in  the  clay,  were  not  deter- 
minable owing  to  the  constant  digging  and  redigging  for 
burial  that  had  gone  on  in  ancient  times,  grave  cutting 
through  grave,  rendering  impossible  exact  delimitations, 
and  at  the  same  time  creating  sad  havoc  to  skeletons  and 
to  pottery.  In  our  enumeration  of  burials  we  shall  call 
such  as  suffered  in  this  way  aboriginal  disturbances,  w here 
considerable  parts  of  the  skeleton  remained,  but  shall  take 
no  note  of  single  bones  scattered  here  and  there,  of  which 
there  was  a great  abundance. 

During  our  digging  south  of  Mound  D.  174  burials  were  encountered  b\ 
as  follows  : 


Fig.  1. — Plan  of  ground  near 
Mound  D,  showing  excava- 
tion. 


US, 


Adults  full  length  on  the  back,  .........  79 

Adolescents  full  length  on  the  back,  ........  12 


342 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Adults  lying  on  the  right  side,  the  limbs  partly  flexed,  ....  4 

Adults  lying  on  the  left  side,  the  limbs  partly  flexed,  ....  4 

Adult  closely  flexed  on  the  back,  the  knees  drawn  to  the  chest,  . . 1 

Adult  extended  to  the  knees  from  which  the  legs  flexed  downward,  . . 1 

Children  and  infants,  . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Child  in  sitting  position  with  knees  turned  to  left  at  an  angle  of  forty-five 

degrees,  .........  1 

Urn-burials  of  infants,  ..........  2 

Aboriginal  disturbances,  ..........  47 

Disturbed  by  our  diggers,  ..........  2 

Not  determined  on  account  of  decay,  .......  1 

Not  determined,  ...........  1 


This  last  skeleton  lay  in  soil  so  hard  that  it  was  impossible  to  uncover  it  except 

piece-meal. 


Burials  numbers  40  and  41,  an  adult  and  infant  (Fig.  2), 
both  fully  extended  on  their  backs,  lay  in  a grave  together. 
The  grave,  the  base  of  which  was  4.5  feet  from  the  surface 
(an  exceptionally  great  depth  for  an  aboriginal  interment  at 
Moundville),  extended  about  1.5  feet  into  the  hard  clay,  above 
which  was  the  dark  earth  made  by  aboriginal  occupancy,  3 
feet  in  depth  at  this  point. 

That  part  of  the  grave  which  was  in  the  clay  was  sharply 
defined  and  was  filled  with  yellow  sand.  No  sand  was 
encountered  by  us  elsewhere  in  our  work  on  this  strip  of 
ground,  though  similar  sand  is  found  in  a neighboring  field. 

It  was  impossible,  owing  to  the  number  of  aboriginal  dis- 
turbances, to  determine  from  what  level  the  grave  was  begun 
— whether  from  the  original  level,  that  is  to  say  the  surface 
of  the  clay,  or  from  some  stage  in  the  period  of  formation  of 
the  artificial  soil,  or  from  the  present  level  of  the  ground. 

That  part  of  the  grave  which  lay  in  the  hard  clay  was, 
as  we  have  said,  sharply  defined,  the  sides  being  clearly  cut 
and  perpendicular.  The  length  was  7 feet  4 inches;  the 


Fig.  2. — Burials  numbers 
40  and  41.  Ground  south 
of  Mound  D. 


breadth  varied  from  1 foot  4 inches  to  2 feet. 

On  the  lower  right-hand  side  was  an  offset  in  which  the 
infant’s  skeleton  lay.  Another  offset  was  on  the  opposite 
side,  but  at  the  other  end  of  the  grave.  Nothing  was  found  in  this  offset,  though 
presumably  it  was  made  for  a purpose  and  perhaps  originally  contained  objects  of 
a perishable  nature. 

By  the  side  of  the  skull  of  the  adult  skeleton,  which  lay  almost  due  east  and 
west,  the  head  being  directed  toward  the  east,  were  a broken  water-bottle  and  a 
cup-shaped  vessel.  In  the  sand  near  the  left-hand  side  of  the  skull  was  an  ear-plug 
of  wood,  copper-coated,  badly  decayed.  In  contact  with  each  temporal  bone  were 
several  pendants  and  parts  of  pendants  of  sheet-copper. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


343 


In  another  part  of  the  ground,  four  feet  down,  1 foot  3 inches  of  which  were 
in  solid  clay,  was  an  inverted  bowl  13.5  inches  in  diameter.  This  bowl,  a part  of 
which  was  crushed,  covered  from  the  head  to  the  waist  the  skeleton  of  a small 
infant.  The  leg  bones,  which  were  missing,  probably  had  extended  beyond  the 
bowl  and  had  been  cut  away  without  discovery  by  our  digger.  With  the  skeleton 
were  small  shell  beads,  and  below  it  was  a large  mussel  shell  ( Quadrula  boykin- 
z'aua1),  the  concave  side  uppermost,  which  may  have  contained  some  perishable 
offering. 

About  6 inches  below  the  surface  was  a bowl  14  inches  in  diameter  and  about 
6 inches  deep,  resting  on  its  base.  Within  were  a few  decaying  fragments  of  bone, 
apparently  having  belonged  to  the  skeleton  of  a very  young  infant. 

Above  this  bowl  was  another  bowl,  or  a large  part  of  another  one,  badly 
crushed. 

The  presence  of  urn-burials  at  Moundville  was  not  a surprise  to  us,  inasmuch 
as  this  form  of  burial  was  practised  along  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers, 
though  it  is  remarkable  that  but  two  instances  were  encountered  by  us  in  all  our 
digging  at  Moundville. 

Field  East  of  Mound  G. 

In  the  field  east  of  Mound  G twenty-nine  trial-holes  were  sunk,  and  two 
burials  without  associated  artifacts  were  encountered. 


Field  near  Mound  M. 

Not  shown  on  our  plan  of  the  mounds  is  a great  field  outside  the  circle,  which 
was  not  investigated  at  the  time  of  our  first  visit  as  the  cotton  growing  upon  it 
was  then  too  far  advanced  to  be  disturbed.  In  this  field,  325  feet  WSW.  from 
Mound  M,  is  the  remnant  of  a conical  mound  of  clay. 

Our  work  at  this  place,  in  addition  to  many  trial-holes  in  all  directions,  was 
continued  for  two  days  with  a force  of  twelve  men,  beginning  G5  feet  in  a northerly 
direction  from  the  base  of  the  remnant  of  the  mound  to  which  reference  has  been 
made. 

Fifty-nine  burials  were  encountered,  none  differing  in  form  from  those 
described  as  coming  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D. 

At  this  place  some  burials  seem  to  have  been  made  in  the  underlying  clay, 
while  others  were  in  pits  evidently  put  down  from  the  surface.  With  the  deeper 
burials  no  artifacts  were  found,  and  but  few — all  purely  aboriginal — were  with  the 
other  burials. 

At  this  place,  as  elsewhere,  a number  of  bones  showing  a specific  disease  were 
present.  No  determination  could  be  reached  as  to  the  condition  of  the  deeper 
bones  owing  to  their  advanced  stage  of  decay. 

1 All  determinations  of  shells  in  this  and  accompanying  papers  have  been  made  by  Dr.  H.  A. 
Pilsbry  and  Mr.  E.  G.  Vanatta,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 


344 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


Field  West  of  Mound  N. 

The  digging  in  the  field  west  of  Mound  N consisted  of  twenty-seven  trial- 
holes  put  down  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  mound. 

Eight  burials  were  encountered,  of  which  hut  one  had  associated  objects. 

Ground  near  Northern  Side  of  Mound  Q. 

Some  digging  was  done  by  us  at  our  former  visit,  in  the  level  ground  near  the 
northern  side  of  Mound  Q,  resulting  in  the  finding  of  skeletons  without  artifacts 
in  association. 

Additional  work  on  our  second  visit  yielded  four  skeletons,  all  lying  at  full 
length  on  the  back,  having  no  associated  objects. 

Field  West  of  Mound  R. 

This  tract,  connected  with  the  great  field  which  is  surrounded  by  the  mounds, 
lies  outside  the  circle,  to  the  westward  of  Mound  R.  It  was  investigated  by  us  to 
some  extent  at  the  time  of  our  first  visit. 

On  our  second  visit,  two  and  one-half  days  were  spent  putting  down  trial- 
holes  and  trenching  in  this  place,  with  an  average  force  of  ten  men. 

As  the  fifty-eight  burials  Ave  found  here  differed  in  no  material  respect  from 
the  interments  encountered  in  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  they  Avill  not  be  par- 
ticularly described  although  exact  details  of  their  occurrence,  as  indeed  of  all  we 
found  at  Mound ville,  are  included  in  our  field  notes. 

The  association  of  two  of  the  burials  was  striking.  Burial  No.  25,  the  skele- 
ton of  an  adult,  lying  on  the  left  side  with  the  legs  somewhat  drawn  up,  had, 
resting  on  the  left  arm,  the  skeleton  of  an  infant. 

At  this  place  were  graves  in  the  red  clayey  sand  underlying  the  clay  of  the 
field,  which  Avas  discolored  with  organic  matter.  Some  of  these  graves  Avere  5 feet 
below  the  present  surface,  and  did  not  seem  to  be  connected  with  it.  Other  and 
shallower  graves,  filled  Avitli  material  extending  down  from  the  surface,  also  Avere 
present. 

In  the  deeper  graves  no  artifacts  save  shell  beads  A\rere  present  Avith  the 
burials,  all  other  objects  found  being  in  the  shalloAver  graA7es.  All  these  objects, 
hoAvever,  Avere  purely  aboriginal  and  of  the  same  character  as  those  found  in  other 
mounds  and  cemeteries  of  Moundville. 

Several  other  places,  after  considerable  digging,  yielded  single  skeletons. 

POTTERY. 

The  pottery  of  Moundville,  as  Ave  have  said  in  our  former  report,  varies  little 
in  form,  being  confined  mainly  to  the  bottle,  the  pot,  and  the  bowl.  The  engraved 
designs  on  the  pottery  are  its  main  feature  of  interest. 

As  Ave  found  to  be  the  case  before,  earthenware  A^essels,  Avhen  present,  as  a 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


34  5 

rule  lay  near  the  head  of  skeletons,  though  there  were  exceptions  to  this,  some  of 
them  caused  by  disturbance  of  the  graves  in  aboriginal  times  in  making  other 
interments. 

Much  of  the  ware  (which  is  shell-tempered)  is  covered  with  a glossy,  black 
coating,  sometimes  of  great  beauty.  In  our  former  report  we  said  that  this  coating 
was  not  produced  by  the  heat  in  firing  the  clay,  and  it  is  true  that  the  direct  action 
of  heat  upon  clay  would  produce  no  such  result.  Presumably,  however,  the  coat- 
ing was  obtained  in  the  manner  described  by  Holmes  1 as  practised  by  the  Catawba 
Indians,  where  the  vessel,  surrounded  by  bark,  is  covered  by  an  inverted  receptacle 
during  the  firing  process.  Bark  burning  in  the  confined  space  in  which  the  vessel 
was  would  certainly  yield  considerable  quantities  of  tar  which  first  would  condense 
on  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  and,  being  in  a liquid  state,  would  penetrate  the  porous 
material  to  some  extent,  subsequently  being  carbonized  by  further  heating. 

On  our  second  visit  to  Moundville  many  vessels  or  large  parts  of  vessels  were 
found,  some  in  many  fragments.  Such  fragmentary  vessels  have  been  cemented 
together,  and,  where  a part  is  missing,  have  been  restored  with  a material  some- 
what differing  in  shade  from  the  vessel,  that  our  work  and  that  of  the  maker  of 
the  ware  may  not  be  confused. 

The  number  of  vessels  (many  of  which  were  badly  crushed)  found  by  us  at 


our  second  visit,  is  as  follows  : 

Near  Mound  A.  . . . . . . . . 2 

Ground  northeast  of  Mound  C.  ......  5 

Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  . . . . . 1 14 

Field  near  Mound  M.  ........  9 

Field  west  of  Mound  N.  .......  2 

Field  west  of  Mound  R.  .......  28 


I u describing  the  Moundville  pottery,  we  shall  confine  ourselves  to  the  more 
noteworthy  pieces,  the  commoner  types  having  received  sufficient  attention  in  our 
former  report. 

In  figuring  pottery — and  in  fact  all  objects  in  this  report — reduction  in  size  is 
linear.  Diagrams  of  the  engraved  decoration  on  the  vessels  are  not  absolutely 
exact  as  to  size,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  representing  a curved  design  on  a flat 
surface;  otherwise  they  are  essentially  correct. 

Dissociated  in  the  soil  were  various  effigies  of  heads,  broken  from  earthenware 
vessels.  These  heads  are  mainly  of  birds,  but  they  include  also  the  head  of  a fish 
and  one  of  an  alligator. 

There  were  also  found  in  the  digging  many  discs  made  from  parts  of  earthen- 
ware vessels,  three  with  central  perforations. 

One  mushroom-shaped  object  of  earthenware  was  unearthed,  lying  near  the 
head  of  a flexed  skeleton, — perhaps  a modeling  tool,  as  described  by  Thruston  and 
Holmes. 

MV.  If.  Holmes,  “ Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,”  20th  An.  Rep.  Bur.  Am. 
Ethn.,  p.  55. 

44  JOURX.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


346 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Burial  No.  39,  the  skeleton  of  an  adult,  lying  on  the  left  side  and  partly 
Hexed,  had,  near  the  legs  where  perhaps  it  had  been  thrown  by  an  aboriginal  dis- 
turbance, an  ear-plug  of  earthenware,  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

We  shall  now  describe  the  more  noteworthy  vessels  in  detail,  the  ware  being 
black  in  every  instance,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

Vessel  No.  2 from  the  field  west  of  Mound  R,  is  a bowl  of  coarse  ware,  of 
about  oue  gallon  capacity.  Around  a short  neck,  first  upright  and  then  slightly 
flaring,  are  eight  loop-handles.  The  inside  is  decorated  with  bright  red  paint. 

Vessel  No.  32  fi  ’om  the  ground  south  of  Mouud  D,  is  a 
small  water-bottle  having  engraved  upon  it  the  well-known 
Moundville  design  of  the  open  hand  and  eye.1  In  this 
instance  the  hand,  which  is  shown  live  times,  points  down- 
ward as  in  the  case  of  the  next  two  vessels  described. 

\ essel  No.  8 lrom  the  field  west  of  Mound  R,  is  a small 
bottle  ot  fine,  yellow  ware,  having  the  design  of  the  hand  and 
eye  six  times  represented. 

Vessel  No.  27  lrom  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a cup, 
has  this  same  design  six  times  shown  around  the  body  of  the 
vessel  and  once  on  the  base. 


Fig.  3. — Ear-plug  of  earth- 
enware. (Full  size.) 


Vessel  No.  22  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a small  pot  of  coarse,  yellow 
ware,  with  two  loop-handles  and,  on  two  opposite  sides  as  decoration,  a very  rudi- 
mentary animal  form. 

Vessel  No.  61  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a small  effigy-vessel  repre- 
senting a frog.  Two  larger  vessels  of  this  kind  will  later  be  particularly  described 
aud  figured. 

Vessel  No.  5 from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  I),  is  a small  bowl  with  a 
notched  band  around  the  rim  and  three  equidistant,  rudely  modeled  effigies  of 
human  heads,  projecting  upward.  A fourth  head  is  missing. 

Vessel  No.  76  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bowl,  elliptical  in  out- 
line (with  part  of  the  side  missing),  which  has  represented  a fish.  The  tail  is 
present,  as  are  a notched  ridge  on  one  side  for  the  spines,  and  projections  on  the 
other  side  for  the  ventral  fins.  The  head  is  lacking  through  aboriginal  breakage, 
and  the  projection  left  by  it  has  been  carefully  smoothed  and  rounded  by  the 
aborigines. 

Vessel  No.  7 from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D (Figs.  4,  5),  presents  a beau- 
tiful decoration  which  is  four  times  shown.  In  the  center  of  each  design  is  a 
swastika  within  two  concentric  circles.  Enclosing  these  are  four  series  of  three 
fingers  each,  representing  the  four  directions.  A band  of  cross-hatched  design 
encircles  the  body^  of  the  vessel;  with  which  band  four  equidistant,  perpendicular 
bands,  also  cross-hatched,  form  the  sign  of  the  cross,  or  the  four  directions.  Series 


'For  the  symbol  of  the  open  eye  on  the  open  hand,  in  ancient  Mexico  see  “ Altmexikanischer 
Schmuck  und  soziale  und  militarische  Rangabzeichen Prof.  Dr.  Eduard  Seler.  Gesammelte  Abliand- 
lungen,  Fig.  99,  pp.  569,  579. 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


347 


Fig.  4. — Vessel  No.  7.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5.8  inches.) 


Fig.  5. — Vessel  No.  7.  Decoration  showing  swastika,  cross  of  the  four  directions,  and  perhaps  symbols  for  “above”  and 

“below.”  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


348 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


of  three  fingers  point  downward  in  the  upper  spaces  enclosed  between  these  hands, 
while  similar  series  point  upward  in  the  lower  spaces. 

We  know  the  ancient  Mexicans1  had  six  world-“  quarters  ” which,  in  addition 
to  the  four  cardinal  points,  included  “above”  and  “below”  ; and  that  descendants 
of  ancient  Mexicans,  the  Huichol  Indians,2  have  the  six  world-“  quarters  ” also,  as 
do  certain  tribes  of  Pueblo  Indians  of  southwestern  United  States,  including  the 
Hopi3  and  Zuiii — as  well  as  other  Indian  tribes.4 

Doubtless  the  six  world-“  quarters  ” were  recognized  by  the  aboriginal  occu- 
pants of  the  Moundville  region,  but  whether  they  are  represented  on  this  vessel, 
the  cross  standing  for  the  four  directions  (as  it  undoubtedly  does),  and  the  upturned 
fingers  for  “above”  and  the  downturned  ones  for  “below,”  is  another  question. 
It  is  likely  the  fingers  in  the  spaces  are  simply  a duplication  in  the  design — a 
method  often  followed  in  the  decoration  of  ancient  pottery.  Moreover,  there  are 
vessels  from  Moundville  on  which  fingers  are  shown,  which  do  not  seem  to  carry 
out  the  idea  of  the  six  world-“  quarters.”  A woodpecker  design  has  downturned 
fingers  in  addition,  but  no  upturned  ones.  Another  vessel  with  a cross  showing 
eight  directions  is  without  the  upturned  lingers,  though  the  downturned  ones  are 
present. 

On  the  other  hand  there  is  a vessel  (all  we  are  referring  to  now  we  found  on 
our  first  visit)  with  the  design  of  the  double-headed  woodpecker,  the  heads  point- 
ing in  two  directions,  the  tails  in  two  other  directions,  thus  making  the  cross  of  the 
four  directions.  In  addition,  series  of  fingers  point  upward  and  downward,  thus 
ind  icatiug  the  six  directions,  although  we  may  not  accept  the  idea  that  it  was  the 
intention  of  the  aborigines  to  do  so. 

In  a word,  it  may  be  that  either  the  aborigines  at  the  beginning  intended  to 
represent  the  six  directions  in  the  way  we  have  described,  and  later  made  use  of 
parts  of  the  symbol  for  decorative  purposes,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  they  never 
intended  to  represent  “above”  and  “below”  by  upturned  and  downturned  fingers, 
and  that  when  these  are  shown,  they  were  borrowed  merely  to  fill  space  in  the 
design,  and  were  taken  from  the  cross  of  the  four  directions,  which  often,  at 
Moundville,  was  made  up  of  four  series  of  three  fingers  each,  pointing  in  different 
ways. 

The  swastika  was  abundantly  represented  at  Moundville ; sometimes  cut  or 
repousse  in  copper,  sometimes  engraved  on  earthenware;  and  doubtless  the  natives 
of  the  Moundville  region  often  used  this  emblem  embroidered  on  fabrics  and 
painted  on  wood  or  on  hide.  Ranjel,  DeSoto’s  secretary,  tells  how  the  great 
cacique  of  Tascaluca  (Tuscaloosa),  whose  home  was  in  the  Moundville  region,  had 
before  him  always  “ an  Indian  of  graceful  mien  holding  a parasol  on  a handle, 

1 “ Codex  Vaticanus  B.”  First  half.  Elucidated  by  Prof.  Dr.  Eduard  Seler,  pp.  67,  71,  242. 

2 Dr.  Carl  Lumholtz,  “Symbolism  of  the  Huichol  Indians,”  Mem.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol. 
Ill,  p.  14. 

3 Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes,  “Hopi  Shrines  near  the  East  Mesa,  Arizona,”  Amer.  Anthropologist, 
April-June,  1906,  p..357. 

1 “Handbook  of  American  Indians,”  article  “Color  Symbolism.” 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


349 


something  like  a round  and  very  large  fly-fan,  with  a cross  similar  to  that  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Rhodes,  in  the  middle  of  a black  field,  and 
the  cross  was  white.”  1 

Though  the  accounts  given  by  the  chroniclers  of  the  DeSoto  expedition  differ 
as  to  this  banner,  yet  if  we  follow  the  description  of  Ranjel,  an  eyewitness,  it  is  no 
hard  task  to  recognize  the  swastika  emblazoned  on  the  standard  of  Tuscaloosa,2  for 
although  there  is  some  difference  in  form  between  the  swastika  and  the  cross  of 
the  Knights  of  St.  John,  yet  it  is  probable,  as  their  cross  was  white  on  a black 
ground,  like  that  of  Tuscaloosa,  that  Ranjel  gave  more  attention  to  this  striking 
feature  than  to  mere  details  of  shape. 


Fig.  6. — Vessel  No.  28.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Decoration  showing  swastika  and  also  cross 
of  the  four  directions.  (About  half  size.) 


Vessel  No.  28  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a cup  having  a rather 
faint  decoration  (Fig.  G)  on  the  base,  a swastika  within  three  concentric  circles;  and 

1 “ Narratives  of  DeSoto.”  Vol.  II.  “Relation  of  Ranjel,”  translated  by  Prof.  Edward  Gay- 
lord Bourne,  page  121.  The  paragraph  is  from  Oviedo’s  “ Historia  General  y Natural  de  fas  Indias ,” 
Vol.  I,  p.  567. 

2 The  town,  the  province,  and  the  cacique  bore  the  same  name.  Theodore  Irving,  “Conquest  of 
Florida,”  Vol.  II,  p.  34. 

Tascaluca  is  correct  Creek  for  “Black  Warrior.”  T.  H.  Lewis,  “Spanish  Explorers,”  “Expedi- 
tion of  DeSoto,”  p.  186. 


350 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  7. Vessel  Vo.  54.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  4 inches.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


351 


the  cross  of  the  four  directions,  the  arms  made  up  of  series  of  three  fingers  each, 
extending  up  the  sides  of  the  vessel. 

Vessel  No.  54  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bottle  (Figs.  7,  8)  hav- 
ing a beautiful  and  unique  decoration  made  up  of  a cross  on  the  base,  which,  with 
the  addition  of  eagles’  heads  on  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  forms  a swastika. 

Vessel  No.  71  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a broad-mouthed  water- 
bottle  (as  were  so  many  of  the  vessels  found  at  Moundville),  has  for  decoration  an 


Fig.  9. — Vessel  Xo.  71.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  6.7  inches.) 

eagle’s  head  and  the  open  hand  and  eye,  alternating  each  four  times  (Fig.  9).  The 
pointed  projections  extending  behind  the  eagle’s  eye  are  two  in  number  in  two 
opposite  heads,  and  three  in  the  other  two. 

Vessel  No.  18  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bottle  (Figs.  10,  11) 
having  an  engraved  design  showing  the  head,  two  wings,  and  tail  of  a bird,  pre- 
sumably— as  fangs,  teeth,  and  rattles  are  absent.  The  crest  is  unlike  that  of  the 
woodpecker  and,  possibly,  the  head  was  designed  to  represent  that  of  the  eagle. 
It  may  be.  however,  the  serpent-bird  was  intended. 


352 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Vessel  No.  15  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a hottle  (Fig.  12),  has  the 
design  of  the  cross  of  the  four  quarters,  four  times  represented. 

Vessel  No.  45  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a cylindrical  vessel  (Figs. 
13,  14),  bears  a rather  coarse,  incised  design  twice  represented,  one  being  somewhat 
larger  than  the  other. 


Fig.  11. — Vessel  No.  18.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 

decoration,  are  fair  examples  of  the  commoner  designs  present  on  Moundville 
pottery. 


Fig.  10. — Vessel  No.  18.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  6.2  inches.) 

Vessels  No.  11  and  No.  82  both  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  and  ves- 
sel No.  2 from  the  field  near  Mound  M (Figs.  15,  16,  17,  IS,  19),  all  with  meander 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  12. — Vessel  No.  15.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  3.75  inches.) 


Fig.  13. — Vessel  No.  45.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  4.6  inches.) 


45JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHIL  A.,  VOL.  NIII. 


354 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED 


Fig.  15.— Vessel  No.  11.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Diameter  5.3  inches.) 


Fig.  16.— Vessel  No.  11.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


355 


Fig.  17. — Vessel  No.  82.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5 inches.) 


Fig.  18. — Vessel  No.  82.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 


Fig.  19. — Vessel  No.  2.  Field  near  Mound  M.  (Height  4.75  inches.) 


356 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Vessel  No.  18  from  the  field  west  of  Mound  R,  is  a bottle  (Fig.  20)  with  a 
painted  design  showing  a skull  or  conventionalized  head,  and  an  open  hand — each 
being  present  three  times  on  the  vessel.  Painted  decoration  evidently  was  not  in 
vogue  at  Moundville,  as  but  three  vessels  so  decorated  have  been  found  by  us  there. 
Holmes1  describes  and  figures  a bottle  from  Mississippi,  with  painted  design  almost 


Fig.  20. — Vessel  Xo.  18.  Field  west  of  Mound  R.  Painted  design  showing  head  or 
skull,  and  open  hand.  (Height  5.3  inches.) 


exactly  similar  to  ours,  while  Thruston  2 also  shows  one  from  Tennessee  bearing  the 
same  general  characteristics.  The  coloring  on  the  Moundville  specimen  is  light 
yellow  on  a ground  of  brown.  The  design,  though  plainly  distinguishable,  has 
become  somewhat  dimmed  through  lapse  of  time. 

1 “Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,”  20th  An.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  Plate  LYI,  It 
and  c,  and  page  106. 

2 Gates  P.  Thruston,  “Antiquities  of  Tennessee,”  p.  136. 


MOUNDYILLE  REVISITED. 


O0  I 


Vessel  No.  20  from  the 
ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a bot- 
tle (Fig.  21),  has  a painted  design, 
four  times  shown,  originally  red, 
no  doubt,  but  now  a dingv  brown, 
which  has  the  same  shape  as 
many  of  the  sheet-copper  pend- 
ants found  at  Moundville,  which 
bear  excised  parts  forming  a 
swastika.  In  this  instance,  howr- 
ever,  the  excised  triangle  com- 
monly seen  on  these  pendants  is 
absent. 

An  object  of  earthenware 
from  the  field  near  Mound  M 
(Fig.  22)  is  included  by  us  among 
pottery  vessels,  though  we  are 
unable  to  say  what  use  it 
originally  served. 


Fig.  21. --Vessel  No.  20.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Painted  desigu 
showing  swastika.  (Height  5.3  inches.) 


Fig.  22. — Object  of  earthenware.  Field  near  Mound  M.  (Height  (1.2  inches.) 


358 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  23. — Vessel  No.  106.  Ground  south  of  Mound  ] >.  (Height  2.6  inches.) 


Fig.  24. — Vessel  No.  103.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5 inches.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


359 


Vessel  No.  106  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D (Fig.  23),  has  a curious 
marginal  decoration  of  the  “wall  of  Troy”  pattern. 

Vessel  No.  103  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D (Figs.  24,  25),  is  a bottle 
bearing  an  incised  decoration,  the  interpretation  of  which  is  entirely  beyond  our 
power.  But  as  “ no  savage  ever  sat  down  to  decorate  an  article  from  mere  fancy 
with  meaningless  designs,”  1 this  apparent  confusion  of  line-work  must  stand  for 
something,  and  may  be  interpreted  some  day. 


Vessel  No.  110  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D (Fig.  26),  a water-bottle  of 
brown  ware,  of  the  fish-effigy  variety,  might  have  come  from  Tennessee  instead  of 
from  Mound ville,  so  far  as  any  difference  between  it  and  Tennessee  ware  can  be 
detected. 

Vessel  No.  15  from  the  field  west  of  Mound  R is  a bowl  (Fig.  27),  represent- 
ing a fish,  spines  are  shown  on  the  back,  while  projections  below  indicate  the 
ventral  fins. 


Fig.  26. — Vessel  No.  110.  Ground  soutli  of  Mound  D. 
(Maximum  diameter  5.4  inches.) 


Fig.  27. — Vessel  No.  15.  Field  west  of  Mound  K. 
(Maximum  diameter  12.5  iuehes.) 


Lumholtz. 


3G0 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  28. — Vessel  No.  55.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D. 
(Height  4.9  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  55  from  the  ground 
south  of  Mound  D,  a small  effigy-bot- 
tle (Fig.  28),  strongly  calls  to  mind  the 
ware  of  Tennessee  and  of  Missouri. 

Vessel  No.  1 from  the  field  west 
of  Mound  M (Fig.  29),  is  a bowl  of 
brown  ware,  representing  a frog.  Ves- 
sel No.  77  from  the  ground  south  of 
Mound  D (Fig.  30),  a bottle,  gives  a 
life-like  representation  of  the  same 
animal. 

Vessel  No.  95  from  the  ground 
south  of  Mound  1)  (Figs.  31,  32),  is 
a bottle  with  a curious  engraved  deco- 
ration. 

Vessel  No.  21  from  the  ground 
south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bowl  of  coarse, 
brown  ware  (Fig.  33),  shown  here 
only  on  account  of  its  artistic,  claw- 
shaped handles. 

Vessel  No.  93  from  the  ground 
south  of  Mound  I),  is  a water-bottle 
(Figs.  34,  35,  36),  having  for  decora- 
tion on  two  opposite  sides  our  old 
Moundville  acquaintance,  the  ivory- 
bill  woodpecker  having  two  heads,  a 


Fig.  29.— Vessel  No.  1.  Field  west  of  Mound  N.  (Maximum  diameter 


inches.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


361 


Fig.  30. — Vessel  No.  77.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5.8  inches.) 


body  in  common,  and  two  tails 
at  right  angles  from  the  body, 
thus  perhaps  forming  a cross 
of  the  four  directions.  The 
extended  tongue  and  speech- 
symbols  issuing  from  the 
mouth,  so  often  found  on 
woodpecker  designs,  are  ab- 
sent in  this  instance. 

Vessel  No.  86  from  the 
ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a 
bowl  (Figs.  37,  38),  lias  an 
engraved  decoration  spread 
over  the  base  and  sides,  rep- 
resenting the  ivory-bill  wood- 
pecker with  wings  extended. 
The  bird  is  shown  propped 
with  the  aid  of  its  tail,  as  is 
the  case  when  the  woodpecker 
is  at  work.  The  tongue  is 


46  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


362 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


extended;  speech-symbols  are  shown  issuing  from  the  mouth.  We  believe  this 
entire  design  to  be  unique. 

Vessel  No.  5 from  the  field  near  Mound  M,  is  a part  of  a bowl  (Figs.  39,  40) 
having  a seven-pointed  star  on  the  base  and  various  interesting  symbols  around 
the  sides. 


Fig.  32. — Vessel  No.  95.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 

Vessels  No.  13  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  I),  and  No.  28  from  the  field 
west  of  Mound  R (Figs.  41,  42,  respectively),  are  water-bottles  each  bearing  a 
somewhat  similar  and  evidently  symbolic  design,  but  its  nature  we  are  unable  to 
determine. 


Fig.  33.— Vessel  No.  21.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Diameter  6.5  inches.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


363 


Fig.  34. — Vessel  No.  93.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5.5  inches.) 


Fig.  35. — Vessel  No.  93.  Decoration  showing  ivory-bill  woodpecker  design.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


364 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  36. — Vessel  No.  93.  Decoration  showing  ivory-bill  woodpecker  design.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


Fig.  37. — Vessel  No.  86.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  The  ivory-bill  woodpecker.  (Diameter  4.5  inches.) 


Fig.  33. — Vessel  No.  80.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


Field  near  Mound  M.  (About  full  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  40. — Vessel  No.  5.  Decoration. 


(About  two-thirds  size.) 


Fig.  41. — Vessel  No.  13.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  7.3  inches.) 


MOUND YILLE  REVISITED. 


367 


Vessel  No.  48  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bowl  (Figs.  43,  44)  the 
base  and  sides  of  which  are  completely  covered  with  figures  possibly  representing 
bows  and  arrows.  If  the  rosette-like  figures  are  sun-symbols  (and  the  sun  is  thus 
represented  sometimes,  we  believe),  the  design  may  have  been  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  arrows  or  shafts  of  the  sun.  This,  of  course,  is  conjecture. 

Vessels  No.  88  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  and  No.  15a  from  the  field 
near  Mound  M,  are  bottles  (Figs.  45,  46,  respectively),  each  having  a design  four 
times  shown,  consisting  of  a skeleton  hand  (probably)  and  a skeleton  forearm.  In 


Fig.  42. — Vessel  No.  28.  Field  west  of  Mound  K.  (Height  4.8  inches.) 


our  former  Moundville  report  we  described  and  figured  (pp.  175  and  226)  two  ves- 
sels bearing  engraved  representations  of  skulls  and  skeleton  forearms,  and  called 
attention  to  the  resemblance  between  these  and  certain  figures  in  Mexican  codices. 
We  were  unable  at  that  time,  however,  to  cite  a case  in  the  codices  where  the 
ramus  of  the  lower  jaw  is  shown  extending  so  markedly  behind  the  occipital  part 
of  the  skull  as  it  is  made  to  do  in  the  Moundville  designs.  We  are  now  able  to 

o 

a certain  extent  to  supply  the  deficiency  from  the  Sahagun  manuscript.1 

1 “ Altmexilcanischer  Schmuck  und  soziale  und  militdrische  liangabzeichen,”  Fig.  63.  Prof.  Dr. 
Eduard  Seler.  Gesammelte  Abhandlungen. 


368 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  43. — Vessel  No.  48.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Diameter  5.6  inches.) 


Fig,  44. — Vessel  No.  48.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


369 


Vessel  No.  1 from  the  field  near  Mound  M,  is  a bottle  of  artistic  outline  (Fig. 
47)  with  an  incised  design  which  is  perhaps  a variant  of  the  leg-symbol. 


Fig.  45. — Vessel  No.  88.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Design  of  bund  and  skeleton  forearm.  (Height  5.5  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  109  from  the  ground  south 
of  Mound  I),  is  a bottle  without  decora- 
tion (Fig.  48),  shown  here  on  account  of 
its  graceful  form. 

Vessel  No.  59  from  the  ground  south 
of  Mound  I),  a bottle  (Figs.  49,  50)  with 
engraved  design  twice  shown,  representing 
wings  of  an  eagle  or  of  the  plumed  or 
horned  serpent. 

Vessel  No.  6 from  the  ground  south  of 
Mound  D,  a bottle  (Figs.  51,  52,  53),  bears 
engraved  on  two  opposite  sides  representa- 
tions of  the  winged  rattlesnake,  in  this 
case  without  horns,  crest,  or  plumes.  Leg- 

47  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


Fig.  46. — Vessel  No.  15a.  Field  near  Mound  M. 
(Height  5.5  inches.) 


370 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  47. — Vessel  No.  1.  Field  near  Mound  .VI.  (Height  7 inches.) 


Fig  48.— Vessel  No.  109.  Ground  south  of  Fig.  49.— Vessel  No.  59.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D. 

Mound  D.  (Height  6.9  inches.]  Design  of  eagle  or  serpent  wings.  (Height  5 inches.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


371 


Fig.  51. — Vessel  Xo.  6. 


Ground  soutli  of  Mound  D.  Winged  serpent  design.  (Height  6 inches.) 


372 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


symbols,  however,  are  clearly  represented.  The  leg-symbols  present  on  the  winged 
serpent  found  by  ns  on  our  first  visit  to  Moundville  (Eig.  152  of  onr  report),  and 
seen  on  some  of  the  plumed  serpent  designs  of  Pern,  is  a most  popular  symbol  on 
the  pottery  of  the  northwestern  Florida  region,1  whence  it  extends  somewhat 
northward,2  and  is  even  found  incised  in  the  open-work  effigy- vessels. 3 Finally, 


Fig.  54.— Vessel  No.  1.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Decoration  showing  the  winged  serpent.  (About  half  size.) 

1 “ Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,”  Parts  I and  II.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  of  Phila.,  Yols.  XI  and  XII,  respectively. 

• “ Mounds  of  the  Lower  Chattahoochee  and  Lower  Flint  Rivers,”  Figs. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Vo!.  XIII. 

''Ibid.  Fig.  8. 


15  and  16.  Journ. 


MOUN  DVILLE  R E VISITED. 


0/0 


Fig.  55. — Vessel  No.  1.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Decoration  showing  the  winged  serpent.  (About  half  size.) 


Fig.  57. — Vessel  No.  33.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5.8  inches.) 


374 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


we  find  the  symbol  used  apart  from  the  animal  and  placed  around  vessels  as  an 
ornament  simply1 — this  custom  reaching  far  down  the  Florida  coast.2 

Vessel  No.  1 from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bottle  found  in  so  many 
fragments  (some  of  which  are  missing),  that  it  is  not  deemed  .worthy  of  reproduc- 
tion here.  The  engraved  decoration,  however  (Figs.  54,  55),  a winged  rattlesnake 
on  two  opposite  sides  of  the  vessel,  without  horns  or  plumes,  has  been  carefully 
traced  out  and  is  presented  as  it  appears. 

Vessel  No.  34  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a water-bottle  bearing  an 
incised  decoration  (Fig.  56)  showing  the  head,  wings,  and  tail  of  the  horned  or 


plumed  serpent,  displayed  separately — a design  similar  in  the  main  to  one  found 
by  us  on  our  first  visit  to  Moundville. 

Vessel  No.  33  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bottle  (Figs.  57,  58, 
59)  bearing  two  engraved  representations  of  the  horned  or  plumed  serpent. 

1 Northwest  Florida  Coast,  Part  I,  Figs.  7 and  25. 

2 “ Miscellaneous  Investigation  in  Florida,”  page  306.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Vol.  XIII. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


o i o 


Fig.  60. — Vessel  No.  42.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  7.4  inches.) 


Fig.  61. — Vessel  No.  42.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


376 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


Vessel  No.  42  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a bottle  (Figs.  60,  61, 
62)  bearing  around  the  neck  marks  of  long-continued  abrasion  as  by  a cord  for 
suspension.  The  decoration  on  two  opposite  sides  consists  of  engraved  representa- 
tions of  horned  and  winged  rattlesnakes. 

Vessel  No.  87  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a comparatively  small 
bottle  (Figs.  63,  64)  having  as  engraved  design  a single  winged  serpent.  This  ser- 


Fig.  63. — Vessel  Ino.  87.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  4.5  iuches.) 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED. 


377 


pent  is  an  interesting  variant  from  others  appearing  on  Moundville  pottery,  inas- 
much as  rattles  are  absent  and  the  tail  is  that  of  a bird. 

Vessel  No.  44  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  is  a badly  broken  bottle 
carefully  put  together  since  its  discovery.  The  engraved  decoration  (Fig.  65)  is 
doubly  interesting.  In  the  first  place,  the  tail  of  a bird  is  shown,  to  which  rattles 
have  been  added.  But  the  most  noteworthy  feature  is  that  of  the  union  of  the 
two  serpents  around  the  vessel,  being  the  first  step  toward  a conventionalized, 
decorative  serpent-design. 

Vessel  No.  8 from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a water-bottle  (Figs.  66,  67), 
shows  the  next  step  toward  a conventionalized  serpent-design.  Plere  we  see  partly- 
interlocked  scrolls  decorated  with  the  crest  of  the  serpent.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  Professor  Holmes,  in  an  early  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,1  says 


Fig.  64. — Vessel  No.  87.  Decoration.  Winged  serpent  with  rattles  replaced  by  bird’s  tail.  (About  half  size.) 


Fig.  65. — Vessel  No.  44.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  Decoration  showing  the  merging  of  the  two  serpents,  being  the 
first  step  toward  a conventionalized  design.  (About  one-third  size.) 


in  relation  to  a vessel  of  the  same  character  as  the  one  we  are  describing,  The 
engraved  design  consists  of  four  elaborate,  interlinked  scrolls,  comprising  a number 
of  lines,  and  bordered  by  wing-like,  triangular  figures,  filled  in  with  reticulated 
lines.  This  latter  feature  is  often  associated  with  native  delineations  of  mythic 
reptiles,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  this  scroll  work  is  a highly  conventionalized 
form  of  some  such  conception.”  Vessels  with  designs  kindred  to  the  one  in 
question  are  described  in  other  works.3 

1 W.  H.  Holmes.  “Ancient  Pottery  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,”  p.  419,  1882-83. 

2 V.  H.  Holmes.  An.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  1881-82,  Fig.  149. 

W.  H.  Holmes.  An.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  1882-83,  Fig.  440. 

Also  Plate  XV,  Fig.  c.  Report  of  1898-99,  where  the  figure  is  taken  from  the  Report  of 
1882-83. 

C.  B.  Moore.  “Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Black  Warrior  River,”  Fig.  162. 

Compare  also  tail-piece,  page  33,  “The  Serpent  Motive  in  the  Ancient  Art  of  Central  America 
and  Mexico,”  Dr.  George  Byron  Gordon.  Transactions  Department  of  Archaeology,  University  of 
Penna.,  Vol.  1,  Part  III,  1905. 

48  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


378 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  66. — Vessel  No  8.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5.3  inches.) 


Fig.  67. — Vessel  No.  8.  Decoration  showing  highly  conventionalized  serpent-design.  (About  one-third  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


379 


Vessel  No.  14  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D (Figs.  68,  69),  bears  another 
highly  conventionalized  serpent-design  of  partly  interlinked  scrolls  and  serpents’ 
crests. 

Vessel  No.  96  from  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  a bottle  (Figs.  70,  71), 
bears  another  conventionalized  serpent-decoration  in  which  we  see  a lessening  of 
the  number  of  crests  and  a consequent  tendency  toward  the  partly-interlocked 
scroll  pure  and  simple. 


Fig.  08. — Vessel  No.  14.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Diameter  4.8  inches.) 


Fig.  69. — Vessel  No.  14.  Decoration  showing  highly  conventionalized  serpent-design.  (About  one-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  3 trom  the  field  west  ol  Mound  R,  a very  graceful  water-bottle 
(Fig.  72),  bears  the  partly-interlocked  scroll  without  the  serpents’  crests,  the 
ultimate  stage  in  the  evolution  from  the  serpent-design. 

Vessel  No.  6 from  the  field  near  Mound  M,  a water-bottle,  bears  a decoration 
shown  in  Fig.  73,  where  again  we  see  the  partly-interlocked  scroll  free  from  the 
serpent-crest  decoration . 


380 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  70. — Vessel  No.  96.  Ground  south  of  Mound  D.  (Height  5 inches.) 


Fig.  71. —Vessel  No.  96.  Decoration  showing  highly  conventionalized  serpent-design.  (About  half  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


381 


Fig.  72. — Vessel  No.  3.  Field  west  of  Mound  R.  Partly  interlocked  scroll,  or  serpent-design.  (Height  8.4  inches.) 


BONE  OBJECTS. 

Throughout  the  second  investigation  at  Moundville  many  implements  of  bone 
were  found,  some  with  the  articular  part  remaining — these  latter  being  usually 
from  the  ulna  of  the  deer.  A selection  of  bone  implements  from  Moundville  is 
shown  in  Fig.  74,  including  one  with  a chisel  edge. 

Also  were  found  several  canines  of  large  carnivores,  pierced  for  suspension  ; 


382 


MOUNDYILLE  REVISITED. 


tines  of  cleer-antlers,  used  as  arrowheads ; knuckle  bones  of  deer ; a part  of  a bone 
needle  with  an  eye. 

With  fragments  of  animal  bones  were  a humerus  of  the  Virginia  deer  and  part 
of  the  upper  jaw  of  the  black-bear,  probably  Ursus  americanus.  We  are  indebted 
to  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  for  these  identifications. 

The  finding  of  the  incisor  of  a beaver  will  be  referred  to  elsewhere  in  this  report. 

In  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D, 
apart  from  human  remains  and  widely 
separated,  were  two  femurs  belonging 
to  two  bears  of  different  size — both 
young,  as  the  epiphyses  were  not 
attached.  The  shafts  of  these  femurs 
are  highly  polished  as  by  long  and 
energetic  use.  In  the  same  position 
in  each  is  a deep  depression  which 
could  have  been  made  by  friction  with 
the  thumb  through  a long  period  of 
time.  Just  such  a depression  has 
been  worn  on  the  liard-wood  handle 
of  the  trowel  which  has  been  in  use 
for  years  in  our  expeditions,  which 
also  shows  the  high  polish  seen  on  the 
shafts  of  the  femurs.  The  great  tro- 
chanter of  each  femur  is  rounded  and 
worn  to  some  extent  as  by  gentle  use 
or  with  more  vigorous  treatment  under  soft  material — a pad  of  soft  hide,  perhaps, 
as  Professor  Putnam  has  suggested  to  us. 

A complete  description  of  these  bones  (one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  75)  was 
sent  to  the  National  Museum,  which  courteously  reported  that  no  similar  objects 
were  in  its  collection.  Archaeologists  consulted  by  us  have  no  suggestions  to  offer 
other  than  our  own  belief  that  the  femurs  are  drum-sticks.  The  high  polish  and 
the  grooves  can  well  be  accounted  for  if  we  bear  in  mind  the  frenzied  beating  of 
the  medicine-man,  continued  over  long  periods ; and  the  light  wear  on  the  great 
trochanters  resulted  no  doubt  from  use  under  a soft  covering  intended  for  protection 
of  the  head  of  the  drum. 


showing  highly  conventionalized  serpent-design.  (About 
one-third  size.) 


STONE  OBJECTS. 

At  our  first  visit  to  Moundville  we  found  a large  vase  of  diorite,  beautifully 
carved — a triumph  of  aboriginal  endeavor. 

At  our  second  visit,  with  burial  No.  77,  an  adult  lying  at  full  length  on 
the  back  in  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  we  unearthed  a stone  bowl  in  many 
fragments,  all  of  which,  fortunately,  were  recovered  and  have  been  cemented 
together  (Figs.  76,  77,  78,  79). 


Fig.  74. — Boue  implements.  Moundville.  (Full  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED 


383 


384 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  75. — Femur  of 
bear,  probably  used 
as  drum-stick. 

( Length  14.75  ius.) 


The  measurements  are  as  follows  : height,  4 inches  ; diameter 
with  neck  and  tail,  13.75  inches;  diameter  of  bowl,  9 inches. 

The  material  is  a hard,  white  limestone  which  must  have 
offered  considerable  resistance  to  the  carver’s  tool,  though  at 
present  the  surface  of  the  vessel  has  deteriorated  greatly  through 
lapse  of  time,  being  soft  and  yellow  in  color. 

The  vessel,  which  is  intended  to  represent  a bird,  has  the 
neck  and  head  extended  from  the  side  of  the  bowl  and  running 
parallel  with  it  to  unite  again  with  the  bowl  at  the  tip  of  the  bill. 
The  wings,  feathers  and  claws  of  the  bird  are  skilfully  incised  on 
the  sides  of  the  bowl  and  on  part  of  the  base.  The  tail  projects 
almost  at  right  angles. 

The  bird  here  represented  seems  to  be  somewhat  of  a nonde- 
script. According  to  Mr.  Witmer  Stone  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  judging  from  the  crooked  beak  and  the  talons, 
a bird  of  prey  is  represented,  having  a somewhat  unduly  elon- 
gated neck  to  afford  ample  size  for  the  handle.  The  wattle,  pre- 
sumably, is  an  addition  to  please  the  fancy  of  the  artist,  though  a 
somewhat  similar  wattle,  but  placed  farther  forward,  is  found  on 
the  king  vulture  ( Gypagus  papa ),  whose  northernmost  habitat, 
however,  is  southern  Mexico. 

This  vessel,  when  snow-white  and  intact,  must  have  been 
indeed  a striking  example  of  aboriginal  work  and  worthy  of  the 
ancient  art  of  Moundville. 

Burials  Numbers  58  and  59,  in  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D, 
two  skeletons  of  adolescents  at  full  length  on  the  back,  side  by  side, 
one  with  a few  pentagonal  and  hexagonal  shell  beads,  had  lying  be- 
tween them,  near  the  waists,  a superb  pipe  of  limestone,  representing 
an  eagle.  This  pipe,  4 .6  inches  in  length,  carved  with  great  spirit,  is 
a worthy  exemplar  of  the  prehistoric  artof  Moundville  (Figs.  SO,  81, 
82,  83,  84,  85,  86).  The  bird  is  represented  on  its  back,  the  head 
swung  around  to  one  side  with  the  beak  open  and  tongue  extended. 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED 


385 


Fig.  77. — Bowl  of  limestone,  viewed  from  above. 


49  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


386 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Fig.  78. — Bowl  of  limestone,  viewed  from  below. 


MOUND VILLE  REVISITED 


387 


Fig.  79. — Bowl  of  limestone.  Decoration  of  sides  and  base. 


388 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED 


Fig.  80. — Pipe  of  limestone,  representing  an  eagle.  Moundville.  (Length  4.6  inches.) 


Fig.  82. — Eagle-pipe.  Another  view 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED 


389 


Decoration.  (Full  size.) 
Fig.  85.— Eagle-pipe. 


Fig.  83. — Eagle-pipe, 


Fig.  84.— Eagle-pipe. 
Decoration.  (Full  size.) 


Decoration.  (Full  size.) 


390 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Incidentally,  it  may  be  said  that  the  “hump”  shown  on  the  tongue  by  the  native 
artist,  though  somewhat  exaggerated,  is  not  imaginary,  as  may  be  proved  upon 
examination  of  an  eagle.  It  may  be  that  this  pipe,  showing  as  it  does  the  eagle 
lying  upon  its  back,  its  legs  and  claws  on  the  belly,  represents  the  dead  bird.  By 
pulling  out  the  tongue  of  a dead  eagle  one  would  be  certain  to  notice  the  “ hump  ” ; 
hence  the  examination  of  a dead  bird  would  have  sufficed  so  far  as  correct  render- 
ing on  the  pipe  was  concerned. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  “hump”  on  the  tongue  is  plainly  shown  on  pottery 
from  Moundville,  where  the  eagle’s  head  is  erect  and  the  bird  is  evidently  repre- 
sented as  alive.  Several  experts  who  have  charge  of  eagles  in  captivity  inform  us 
that  under  certain  circumstances  the  “hump”  on  the  tongue  is  visible  on  the  liv- 
ing bird.  Possibly  the  aboriginal  artist  at  Moundville  was  familiar  with  the  charac- 
teristics of  eagles  through  the  possession  there  of  captive  birds — a custom  observed 
among  the  Zuiii  of  New  Mexico  at  the  present  time. 


Fig.  86. — Eagle’s  head,  from  pipe,  as  it  would  appear  on  a Hat  surface.  (Full  size.) 


Owing  to  slight  disintegration  of  the  stone  at  that  part  of  the  pipe  where  the 
head  is,  the  details  of  the  carving  are  somewhat  indistinct,  but  by  holding  the  pipe 
in  a suitable  light  all  the  details  of  the  head  are  still  distinguishable.  A wing  is 
represented  on  each  side.  The  legs,  beginning  at  the  tail,  which  extends  outward, 
rise  upward  and  forward,  the  feet  and  talons  resting  on  the  belly  and  embracing 
the  orifice  of  the  bowl.  The  opening  for  the  stem  is  immediately  above  the  tail. 

The  limestone  of  which  the  pipe  is  made  is  undoubtedly  the  same  as  that  of 
the  stone  vessel  which  wre  have  just  described — compact  and  hard  within,  snow- 
white  originally. 

Three  half-tone  pictures  of  this  pipe  were  sent  by  us  to  Mr.  Joseph  D.  McGuire, 
who  writes  of  the  pipe  as  follows  : 

“ The  specimen  is  sui  generis  but  apparently  belongs  to  the  bi-conical  type 
found  commonly  in  the  States  of  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  etc.  The  material  is 
unusual  from  which  to  make  a pipe,  but  the  Indians  on  occasion  used  anything, 
whether  suitable  or  not. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


391 


“ This  pipe  deserves  a place  to  itself  and  I congratulate  yon  as  to  its  possession. 

“ The  pipes  of  what  I have  called  the  hi-conical  type  are  in  my  paper[1]  (pages 
538-39,  etc.)  though  some  of  the  features  of  this  specimen  are  not  entirely  unlike 
those  on  pages  438-39,  though  your  specimen  to  me  has  an  elaboration  of  feather- 
work  which  has  a Mexican  appearance. 

“I  know  of  no  pipe  at  all  resembling  the  one  you  have  more  than  to  say  it 
belongs  to  the  type  of  bi-conical  pipes.” 


Fig.  87. — Ceremonial  palette  for  paint.  (Full  size.) 


Part  of  a limestone  pipe  of  ordinary  type  lay  with  a burial  which  will  be 
described  in  detail  later  in  the  report. 

With  the  exception  of  these  two  pipes  no  others  of  earthenware  or  of  stone 
were  met  with  at  our  second  investigation  of  Moundville. 

Nine  entire  discs  (in  diameter  from  11.5  to  4.5  inches)  and  five  fragments, 

1 u Pipes  and  Smoking  Customs  of  the  American  Aborigines,”  by  Joseph  D.  McGuire.  Report 
of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  for  1897. 


392 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


nearly  all  of  fine  grained  sandstone,  were  found  on  our  second  visit  to  Moundville. 


None  of  these  ceremonial  palettes1  bears 


any  interesting  decoration  such  as  has 
been  found  on  other  palettes  at 
Moundville  and  elsewhere.  One  very 
rude  palette  (Figs.  87,  88)  has  certain 
rough  markings. 

Th  ree  fragments  with  marginal 
decoration  differing  somewhat  from 
those  found  by  us  before  are  shown 
in  Fig.  89. 

On  practically  all  the  palettes 
was  paint,  sometimes  red,  sometimes 
white — the  red  being  hematite;  the 
white,  white  lead  (lead  carbonate). 
It  may  be  remembered  by  those  who 
have  read  our  first  report  on  Mound- 
ville that  it  is  admittedly  impossible 


for  aborigines  to  have  made  white 
lead,  and  that  the  method  by  which 
they  obtained  it  was  by  scraping 
from  masses  of  galena  (lead  sul- 
phide), such  as  we  found  at  Mound- 
ville at  both  of  our  visits,  the  white 
lead  (lead  carbonate)  which  is  a su- 
perficial transformation  occurring  on 
masses  of  lead  sulphide.  This  ma- 
terial, mixed  with  bear’s  grease, 
would  make  an  excellent  paint. 

While  at  Moundville  we  found, 
sometimes  in  lumps  with  burials,  or 
smeared  on  objects,  red  coloring 
matter  which  we  felt  must  be  hema- 
tite (red  oxide  of  iron — the  true 
aboriginal  red  paint).  However, 
we  decided  on  a chemical  determin- 
ation in  addition  to  the  analyses 
made  in  other  seasons  of  red  paint 
found  under  like  conditions.  The 
result,  as  we  had  supposed,  showed 
the  material  to  be  hematite. 


Fig.  89. — Fragments  of  ceremonial  palettes.  (About  half  size.) 


1 This  subject  has  been  brought  to  date.  “Certain  Notched  or  Scalloped  Stone  Tablets  of  the 
Mound  Builders,”  W.  Id.  Holmes,  Amer.  Anthrop.  Jan. -March,  1906. 


MOUND  VI  LEE  REVISITED 


393 


50  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


394 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


With  post-Columbian  burials,  however,  the  paint  is  not  always  the  red  oxide 
of  iron.  Once,  in  a low  mound  in  Clay  County,  Florida,  we  found  two  skeletons 
with  Hint-lock  muskets,  lead  bullets,  etc.  With  these  was  a skeleton,  evidently  of 
a woman,  having  in  one  hand  a bit  of  looking-glass  and  in  the  other  a mass  of  red 
paint.  Here  we  had  to  do  with  distinctly  post-Columbian  burials — very  different 
from  those  of  Moundville.  The  red  paint  proved  to  be  cinnabar  (mercury  sul- 
phide), which  it  is  unlikely  aborigines  in  the  United  States  could  have  obtained 
before  the  coming  of  Europeans. 

One  mass  of  glauconite,  “green  earth”  as  it  is  called,  was  found  on  our  second 
visit.  This  earth,  which  owes  its  color  not  to  copper,  but  to  iron  in  the  ferrous 
state,  may  have  served  as  a temporary  paint,  oxidation  being  likely  to  impair  its 
color. 

Two  “hoe-shaped  implements”  of  igneous  rock  were  met  with  on  our  second 
visit,  one  with  a burial,  the  other  in  ground  aboriginally  disturbed.  One  of  these 
(Fig.  90)  is  of  great  beauty,  having  a convexity  of  blade  and  fluke  like  projections 
below  the  shank  in  place  of  the  usual  ones  which  extend  somewhat  more  at  an 
angle. 

The  “ hoe-shaped  implement  ” is  a ceremonial  axe,  as  was  recognized  by  many 
before  the  publication  of  our  paper  on  the  subject.1 

At  our  second  investigation  at  Moundville  we  found  a beautiful  little  pendant 
of  shell  in  the  form  of  a battle-axe  (figured  under  “Shell”  in  this  paper),  which 
clearly  shows  the  blade  to  be  the  “ hoe-shaped  implement,”  even  the  method  of 
fastening  the  blade  to  the  handle  being  shown — thongs  passing  through  the  usual 
perforation  in  the  stone  to  each  side  of  the  part  projecting  behind  the  handle. 
Another  interesting  feature  of  this  little  axe  of  shell  is  that  a ring  for  suspension 
is  provided  at  the  end  of  the  handle,  as  is  the  case  with  the  superb  monolithic  axe 
and  handle  obtained  by  us  at  Moundville  on  our  former  visit. 

Throughout  the  second  investigation  we  found  thirty-one  discoidal  stones — 
some  with  burials,  but  a larger  number  in  the  soil  apart  from 
human  remains — ranging  in  diameter  between  3.7  inches  and 
.95  of  an  inch.  Few  are  especially  well  wrought;  none  is 
perforated  or  cup-shaped.  One  of  these  discoidals  is  of  lig- 
nite. Three  seem  to  be  hematite,  but  are  of  limonite  with  a 
thick  coating  of  hematite,  a natural  formation  after  the 
making  of  the  discoidal.  One  of  these,  on  the  base,  shows 
an  abandoned  attempt  to  drill  through,  a partial  perforation 
with  a core  being  left.  Another  discoidal  bears  the  decora- 
tion shown  in  Fig.  91. 

Although  there  were  found  at  Moundville  quantities  of  fragments  of  “celts,” 
some  of  which  had  been  of  considerable  size  when  entire,  no  whole  specimens  of 
large  size  were  met  with  by  us.  All  we  found  were  rather  crudely  made. 

1 “The  so-called  ‘ Hoe- shaped  Implement.’”  Amer.  Anthropologist,  July-September,  1903. 


Fig.  91. — Discoidal  stone. 
(Full  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


395 


Fig.  92. — Double-bladeri  implement 
and  section.  (Full  size.) 


Six  double-bladed  implements — hatchets  and  chisels — were  found,  the  majority 
apparently  of  fine-grained,  igneous  rock.  One  of  these 
is  shown  in  Fig.  92. 

We  have  noted  in  the  previous  report  the  compara- 
tive absence  of  weapons  at  Moundville.  The  results  of 
our  second  visit  were  confirmatory  as  to  this. 

A spear-head  of  chert,  6 inches  in  length,  lay  near 
the  right  forearm  of  a skeleton  ; and  a fragment  of  a 
spear-head  or  of  a dagger,  more  than  three  inches  long, 
was  unearthed. 

Two  small  chert  arrowheads  were  found,  each  near 
the  skull  of  a skeleton  ; and  four  others  lay  near  the  knee 
of  the  skeleton  of  an  adult  fully  extended  on  the  back. 

This  same  skeleton,  it  may  be  said  incidentally,  had  with 
the  arrowheads  many  small  fragments  of  chert;  a water- 
bottle  near  the  knee;  along  the  right  leg  masses  of  hem- 
atite  in  a condition  to  use  as  paint.  Another  water-bottle 
was  near  the  pelvis. 

A neat  little  gorget  (Fig.  93),  probably  of  igneous 
rock,  lay  in  the  soil  alone. 

Fragments  of  mica  lay  with  skeletons  and  alone  in 
the  soil.  On  each  side  of  a skull  was  a disc  of  mica,  1.5  inches  in  diameter, 
centrally  perforated — ear-plugs,  no  doubt. 

No  particular  mention  will  be  made  of  pebbles,  pebble-hammers,  chips  of  stone, 
hones  of  sandstone,  etc.,  found  scattered  in  the  soil  apart 
from  burials.  A multi-grooved  sandstone  hone  lay  near 
the  skull  of  a skeleton. 

A rude  disc  of  inflammable  material,  probably  from 
the  nearby  coal  region,  was  found. 

SHELL  OBJECTS. 

Owing  to  lapse  of  time  or  to  other  causes,  objects 
wrought  from  shell  at  Moundville  were,  as  a rule,  either  too 
fragmentary  or  too  indistinct  as  to  decoration  to  be  of  inter- 
est archseologically.  If  all  the  shell  (and,  incidentally,  all 
the  copper)  objects  which  were  found  in  crumbling  remnants  at  Moundville,  conld 
be  represented  entire  in  this  memoir,  we  are  confident  an  important  page  would  lie 
added  to  the  history  of  prehistoric  art  in  America. 

In  small  fragments,  on  the  second  investigation,  were  found  what  remained  of 
two  shell  drinking-cups  which  evidently  had  been  covered  with  incised  decoration. 

Another  shell  drinking-cup,  decorated  with  straight  lines  over  part  of  the 
surface,  lay  in  contact  with  the  skull  of  an  extended  skeleton. 

Several  undecorated  drinking-cups  also  were  found. 


Fig.  93. — Gorget,  v Fu  1 1 size.) 


396 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


In  addition  to  several  gorgets,  of  which  only  traces  remained,  we  got  from  the 

ground  south  of  Mound  D a 
gorget  (Fig.  94)  lying  be- 
tween the  skulls  of  an  infant 
and  of  an  adult  at  full 
length  on  the  back,  which 
were  almost  in  contact. 
The  decoration  of  the  gor- 
get, which  we  believe  to  be 
a very  highly  convention- 
alized serpent  design — the 
rattles  and  eyes,  and  pos- 
sibly a fang,  being,  we 
think,  distinguishable  — is 
shown  in  Fig.  95. 

A fragmentary  gorget 
of  shell  is  of  interest  in  that 
upon  it  stand  two  birds 
facing  each  other  with  a 
shrub  or  bush  between. 
This  same  design  was  found 
by  us  on  a shell  gorget  from 

Fig.  94. — Shell  gorget.  (Full  size.) 

a mound  on  the  Alabama 
river,1  above  the  city  ol 
Montgomery,  and  is  found  at 
the  present  day  among  the 
Huichol  Indians,2  descend- 
ants of  ancient  Mexicans. 

With  respect  to  shell 
objects,  in  one  instance  alone 
were  we  fortunate.  Burial 
No.  98,  the  skeleton  of  an 
adult  extended  on  the  back, 
had  on  one  side  of  the  head 
a bowl  and  on  the  other  side 
a water-bottle.  0 n t.  h e 
breast,  protected  by  a bone, 
which  had  got  in  position 
above  it,  was  a superb  gor- 
get (Figs.  96,  97)  with 

incised  decoration  represent- 


Fig.  95. — Shell  gorget.  Decoration  showing  highly  conventionalized 
serpent  design.  (Full  size.) 


1 “ Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Alabama  River,”  Fig.  55.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of 
Phila.,  Yol.  XI. 

2 Dr.  Carl  Lumholtz,  “Decorative  Art  of  the  Huichol  Indians,”  Figs.  436  and  437.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  Memoirs.  Vol.  III. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED 


397 


Fig.  96. — Gorget  of  shell.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  97. — Gorget  of  shell.  Decoration,  perhaps  the  man-eagle.  (Full  size.) 


398 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


ing  perhaps  the  man-eagle,1  the  serrated  marking  on  the  neck  seemingly  indicating 
the  eagle. 

At  the  time  of  our  first  visit  to  Moundville,  we  found  a shell  gorget  which  is 
referred  to  in  our  report  (page  172).  This  gorget  was  so  thickly  covered  with 
patina  that  the  details  of  the  decoration  upon  it  were  not  distinguishable.  Consid- 
erable work  was  done  with  a view 
to  the  removal  of  the  coating,  but 
satisfactory  results  were  not  ob- 
tained. 

Since  the  publication  of  the 
report,  however,  much  attention 
has  been  given  to  this  gorget,  and 
we  are  now  able  to  reproduce  the 
greater  part  of  the  design  (Fig.  98). 
This  design,  the  lines  of  which 
exceed  in  delicacy  those  upon  any 
shell  gorget  ever  found  by  us,  rep- 
resents a figure,  the  head  of  which, 
unfortunately,  is  in  part  indistin- 
guishable. The  series  of  squares 
above  the  head  is  no  doubt  part  of 
a head-dress,  though  its  connection 
with  the  head  is  not  traceable.  Other  details  also  are  too  indistinct  to  be  included 
in  the  drawing. 

This  gorget  evidently  belongs  to  the  same  class  as  that  of  some  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  the  claw-hands  calling  to  mind  the  claw-feet  of  the  fighting  figures 
on  the  shell  gorget  from  Tennessee  shown  by  Holmes.2 

With  many  burials  were  shell  beads  (with  nineteen  in  the 
ground  south  of  Mound  D),  some  globular,  almost  one  inch  in 
diameter;  some  very  minute.  There  were  also  small  spool-shaped 
beads  and  tubular  ones;  and,  in  one  instance,  perforated,  flat,  pent- 
agonal, and  hexagonal  sections  of  shell.  With  these  beads  in 
several  instances  were  pearls  perforated  for  stringing. 

A beautiful  little  pendant  of  shell,  to  which  we  have  already 
referred  in  describing  the  so-called  “ hoe-shaped  implements  of 
stone,  is  in  the  form  of  a ceremonial  axe  with  the  ring  at  the  end 
of  the  handle,  for  suspension  (Fig.  99). 

Several  hair-pins  of  shell,  as  well  as  a number  of  objects 
resembling  hair-pins  but  shorter  and  more  rounded  at  the  point, 
were  encountered. 

A small  spool-shaped  object  of  shell  went  to  pieces  after  dis- 

1 See  “ Eagle.”  “ Handbook  of  American  Indians.” 

2 W . II.  Holmes.  Rept.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.  1880-81,  Plate  LXXIY. 


Fig.  99. — Pendant  of 
shell  representing 
ceremonial  axe. 

( Full  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


399 


COPPER  OBJECTS. 

In  our  first  investigation  at  Mounclville,  with 
the  exception  of  one  copper  fish-hook,  and  a few 
fragments  of  sheet-copper  lying  in  one  place,  no 
copper  was  found  by  us  except  in  cemeteries  on 
certain  of  the  mounds,  where  many  ceremonial 
axes  of  copper  and  ornaments  of  sheet-copper 
were  unearthed.  We  know  the  followers  of 
De  Soto  saw  chiefs  dwelling  on  mounds,  with  their 
people  living  around  them  on  the  level  ground 
below.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  prin- 
cipal men  were  buried  on  the  mounds  and  that 
these  men  were  more  richly  endowed  with  objects 
of  value  than  were  their  followers  who  were 
buried  on  the  plain.  However,  on  our  second  in- 
vestigation, which  was  confined  practically  to  the 
flat  country  around  the  mounds,  while  no  arti- 
facts of  solid  copper  were  found,  we  were  fortu- 
nate enough  to  obtain  some  objects  of  sheet- 
copper  and  of  wood  copper-coated. 

On  the  face  of  Burial  Number  104,  a full- 
length  skeleton  lying  on  the  hack,  in  the  ground 
south  of  Mound  D,  was  a most  interesting  pend- 
ant of  sheet-copper,  one  side  of  which  is  shown 
in  half-tone  reproduction  in  Fig.  100 ; and  a 
drawing  of  the  other  side,  after  we  had  ventured 
on  additional  cleaning,  is  represented  in  Fig.  101. 

The  upper  part  of  the  pendant  has  parts  ex- 
cised to  form  a six-pointed  star  within  a circle.  On  the  body  of  the  star,  repousse , 
is  a symbol  to  which  we  shall  revert  later.  Below  is  an  excised  triangle ; beneath 


Fig.  100.  — Pendant  of  sheet-copper,  with 
Burial  No.  164.  One  side.  (Full  size.) 


covery;  and  a shell  ornament  resembling  two  globes  fastened  together,  one  some- 
what smaller  than  the  other  was  found. 

With  a burial  was  a mussel-shell  (Unio forbesianus)  showing  wear  at  one  end. 

The  skeleton  of  an  adult,  lying  at  full  length  on  the  back,  had  the  skull  rest- 
ing in  a bowl — an  accidental  position,  not  an  urn-burial.  In  the  bowl  were  several 
pebbles  and  a shell  ( Dos  ini  a discus),  perforated  for  suspension. 

Apart  from  human  remains  in  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  was  a mass  of 
mussel-shells,  some  single,  some  in  pairs,  among  which  were  Tritigonia  tuberculata , 
Unio  crassideus,  Quadrula  cornuta,  O-  pus/ulosa,  Q.  pyramidata. 

With  a burial  were  fragments  apparently  of  a gorget,  resembling  calcite, 
which,  however,  proved  upon  microscopic  exam- 
ination to  be  Finna  shell. 


400 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


which  is  part  of  an  arm  encircled  by  a string  of  beads  and  an  extended  hand 
bearing  on  it  the  open  eye,  all  repousse. 

The  symbol  to  which  we  have  referred  has  been  described  by  ns  in  our  lirst 

report1  on  Moundville,  and  by  others,  as  the  open 
eye.  Subsequent  discoveries  have  modified  our 
views. 

On  our  second  investigation  at  Moundville,  we 
found  two  water-bottles  hearing  the  same  symbol 
incised  as  a form  of  decoration  (Figs.  41,  42).  It 
also  figures  on  the  copper  pendant  we  are  describ- 
ing and  on  a vessel  (Figs.  37,  38)  where  it  appears 
in  a modified  form  beneath  the  tail  of  a woodpecker 
— a singular  position  for  an  eye. 

On  the  hand  which  figures  on  the  gorget  is 
the  unmistakable  Moundville  eye,  found  at  that 
place  on  many  occasions.  It  seems  unlikely  that 
different  forms  of  the  eye  should  be  shown  on  the 
same  gorget. 

Furthermore,  the  symbol  in  question  is  always3 
represented  with  the  angles  in  a vertical  line,  while 
the  eye  most  familiar  to  the  pottery,  copper,  and 
stone  of  Moundville,  as  well  as  the  human  eye 
which  it  represents,  have  the  extremities  in  a 
horizontal  line. 

On  the  whole,  whatever  the  symbol  under  dis- 
cussion may  stand  for,  it  seems  doubtful  that  it  is  a 
representation  of  the  human  eye. 

In  contact  with  the  temporal  bones  of  Burial 
Number  40  (the  adult  burial  with  the  infant 
already  described),  probably  three  on  each  side, 
were  pendants  of  sheet-copper,  some  in  fragments. 
fig.  loi.— Pendant  of  sheet-copper,  with  These  pendants,  which  bear  no  decoration,  resemble 

Burial  No.  164.  Other  side.  (Full  size.)  1 

in  form  the  arrowhead-shaped  pendants,  each 
stamped  with  an  eye  and  other  markings,  found  by  us  at  Moundville  on  our  first 
visit,  and  figured  in  our  first  report.  We  described  these  pendants  as  repre- 
senting arrowheads,  but  we  are  now  inclined  to  believe  that  they  are  bird-head 
pendants.  These  particular  ones  perhaps  represent  the  head  ot  the  woodpecker. 

Pendants  of  the  same  type,  but  somewhat  dissimilar  in  detail,  were  found  by 
us  in  mounds  of  the  Alabama  River  above  and  below  Montgomery.  One  ot  these 
pendants,  however,  we  believe  represents  the  head  ot  a quadruped — teeth  being- 
in  dicated. 


...  _ w 

...  -Xg,  ••'•:XvAF 
v .... —y 

.■..’A  i i 'J  ^ 

\ | ■ i y 

\ % •'*-«**  ( 

e:  ; X. 

v 


i 


i 


1 Fig.  102,  page  195  ; Fig.  121,  page  209. 

2 The  copper  gorget  shown  in  onr  first  report  being  too  thickly  coated  with  carbonate  to  permit  of 
finding  the  holes  for  suspension,  and  thus  to  learn  where  the  top  of  the  gorget  was,  was  arbitrarily 
placed  in  the  photograph. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


401 


The  reason  for  our  change  of  opinion  in  regard  to  these  pendants  is  that  cer- 
tain markings  are  present,  which  in  the  Moundville  specimens  seem  to  indicate 
the  bill  of  a bird.  Also  the  presence  of  the  eye  seems  to  point  more  to  an  animal 
than  to  an  arrowhead  ; although,  for  that  matter, 
there  is  no  reason  why  an  aborigine  should  not 
have  placed  an  eye  upon  an  arrowhead  with  the 
same  intention  as  the  Chinese  have  when  painting 
it  upon  their  boats. 

A number  of  other  bird-head  pendants  of 
sheet-copper,  in  fragments,  some  decorated  with 
the  eye,  some  not,  were  found  at  our  second  inves- 
tigation. 

We  obtained  also,  with  various  burials,  six 
entire,  or  almost  entire,  sheet-copper  pendants, 
elongated-oval  in  outline,  each  having  excised  and 
repousse  decoration,  including  the  swastika  within 
a circle,  and  the  triangle.  These  pendants,  rang- 
ing between  6.1  inches  and  2.6  inches  in  length, 
resemble  in  type  some  figured  in  our  former  re- 
port; one  (Fig.  102)  lay  at  the  neck  of  an  infant 


Fig.  102. — Pendant  of  sheet-copper,  with 
Burial  No.  148.  (Full  size.) 


(Burial  Number  148),  with  a few 
shell  beads. 

Another  pendant  (Fig.  103) 
lay  near  the  skull  of  Burial  Num- 
ber 65,  a badly  decayed  skeleton 
of  an  adult,  at  full  length  on  the 
back,  in  a grave  cut  into  the  solid 
clay  of  the  base,  in  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D.  With  the  pendant,  which  has 
a repousse  swastika  (all  the  others  found  having  this  cross  through  excision),  was 
a small  cuboidal  mass  of  galena  (lead  sulphide). 

Still  another  pendant  (Fig.  104)  lay  near  the  skull  of  Burial  Number  132,  an 
aboriginal  disturbance.  This  pendant  has  a large,  perforated  pearl,  through  which 


Fig.  103. — Sheet-cop- 
per pendant  show- 
ing repousse  swas- 
tika. (Full  size.) 


Fig.  104. — Pendant  of  sheet- 
copper,  with  pearl  attached. 
( Full  size.) 


51  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PITILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


402 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


vegetable  fiber  passes,  attaching  it  on  the  outer  side  of  the  pendant  over  the  two 
holes  for  suspension.  Several  other  copper  pendants  found  by  us  in  fragments  had 
pearls  fastened  in  a similar  way. 

Burial  Number  162,  the  skeleton  of  an  adult,  at  full  length  on  the  back,  from 
the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  had  shell  beads  at  the  shoulder  and  on  the  pelvis, 
encased  in  wood  (as  the  copper  found  by  us  ordinarily  is),  a fine,  large,  sheet-copper 

pendant  below  the  chin,  the  broad 
end  uppermost.  Under  the  chin 
and  over  the  right  clavicle  was  an 
elliptical  gorget  of  sheet-copper  (Fig. 
105)  having  a pearl  fastened  to  it 
in  the  manner  already  described. 

With  an  aboriginal  disturbance 
were  two  sheet-copper  discs,  each 
about  1.25  inches  in  diameter,  and 
each  having  a boss  centrally  per- 
forated. These  discs  lay  at  the  feet, 
the  bone  of  one  great  toe  being 
green  by  contact.  With  them  was 
a mass  of  red  paint,  determined 
chemically  to  be  hematite,  and  the 
knuckle-bone  of  a deer.  These 
discs,  which  somewhat  resemble 
those  shown  by  LeMoyne  as  worn 
on  the  legs  of  Florida  Indians,  were,  however,  probably  ear-plugs  transferred  from 
their  original  position  by  an  aboriginal  disturbance. 

Burial  Number  34,  a skeleton  of  an  adult,  fully  extended  on  the  back,  had 
shell  beads  on  both  wrists.  At  each  side  of  the  head 
was  a disc  of  wood,  about  1.5  inches  in  diameter,  with 
central  boss,  copper-coated.  On  the  copper  had  been 
a covering  of  wood  or  bark,  a part  of  which,  badly 
decayed,  still  remains.  Extending  from  the  middle  of 
the  under  side  of  each  disc  is  a pin  of  bone,  which,  no 
doubt,  worn  through  the  lobe  of  the  ear,  connected 
the  disc  in  front  with  another  of  some  perishable  material 
behind  the  lobe  (Fig.  106). 

Two  pairs  of  discs,  with  pins,  similar  to  those  above 
described,  were  found — each  pair  with  a burial. 

One  wooden  disc,  copper-coated,  two  inches  in 
diameter— probably  an  ear-plug— lay  with  Burial  Num- 
ber 0 in  the  field  near  Mound  M. 

A most  interesting  object,  probably  a rattle,  made 
of  wood  overlaid  with  copper,  unfortunately  fell  into  small  fragments  on  removal. 


Fig.  106. — Ear-plug  of  wood  aud 
sheet-copper,  with  bone  connec- 
tion. (Full  size.) 


Fig.  105. — Gorget  of  sheet-copper  showing  swastika,  with  pearl 
attached.  (Full  size.) 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


403 


This  object,  which  had  undergone  injury,  probably  through  disturbance  in  early 
times,  had  one  end  missing.  Seemingly  it  had  been  intended  to  represent  the  shell 
of  a turtle.  The  width  was  4.75  inches.  Within  was  a cavity  1.6  inches  by  2.25 
inches,  containing  many  small  pebbles.  Nearby  were  parts  of  various  small  objects 
of  thin  wood,  copper-coated,  too  fragmentary  for  identification;  also  several  pearls 
pierced  for  stringing  and  a representation  of  the  regular  Moundville  eye,  wrought 
from  shell,  which  apparently  had  been  inset — presumably  in  the  rattle. 

Another  copper-coated  rattle  in  small  fragments  (identified  by  the  presence  of 
pebbles)  was  found  later  in  the  investigation. 

Fragments  of  sheet-copper  found  with  various  burials  will  not  be  particularly 
noted. 


ASSOCIATED  OBJECTS. 

We  shall  now  describe  a few  selected  burials  in  order  to  convey  some  idea  of 
the  association  of  objects  at  Moundville. 

Burial  Number  20,  the  skeleton  of  an  adult,  extended  on  the  back,  in  the  field 
west  of  Mound  R,  had  on  the  thorax,  inverted  over  another  vessel,  a bowl  with 
the  head  and  the  tail  of  a fish  represented  on  opposite  sides.  The  lower  vessel,  a 
bowl  with  a decoration  of  incised,  encircling  lines,  lay  on  its  side.  A head,  which 
formerly  projected  from  this  bowl,  is  absent  through  breakage  in  aboriginal  times, 
the  thrifty  savages  having  been  quick  to  utilize  for  the  dead  what  was  no  longer 
desirable  for  the  living.  Under  this  bowl  was  a bone  piercing  implement.  Imme- 
diately beneath  the  head  of  the  skeleton,  with  which  these  vessels  were,  was  the 
bottom  of  what  had  been  a vessel  of  coarse,  heavy  ware. 

In  a pit  in  the  same  field  as  the  foregoing  lay  three  skeletons  of  adults.  One 
at  full  length,  face  down,  had  a pot  at  the  left  shoulder.  With  the  other  two — one 
extended  on  the  back,  the  other  partly  flexed  on  the  right  side — was  nothing  in 
immediate  association . 

Lying  together  in  the  pit,  apart  from  the  burials,  were  a vessel  in  many  frag- 
ments; a fragment  of  sheet-copper;  a ceremonial  palette  of  fine-grained  stone,  7.5 
inches  in  diameter,  with  marginal  notches,  and  incised  circles  on  one  side  ; part  of 
a smoking-pipe  of  coarse  sandstone,  to  which  reference  has  been  made  ; and  an 
incisor  of  a large  rodent,  kindly  identified  by  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  as  the  left  lower 
incisor  of  a beaver  {Castor  canadensis  carolinensis). 

Burial  Number  9,  in  the  field  near  Mound  M,  an  adult  extended  on  the  back, 
had  near  the  knees  a water-bottle.  Four  small,  neatly-made  arrowheads  of  chert, 
and  a number  of  small  fragments  of  the  same  material,  to  all  of  which  reference 
has  been  made,  were  near  by.  Along  the  right  leg  were  masses  of  hematite  in  a 
condition  to  use  as  paint.  Above,  and  about  one  foot  from  the  pelvis  was  a water- 
bottle.  Shell  beads  were  at  the  left  wrist.  Between  the  left  elbow  and  the  ribs 
were  a small  discoidal  stone  and  a disc  of  sheet-copper.  Near  the  head  were  sheet- 
copper  pendants  in  fragments.  In  contact  with  the  skull  was  the  curious  object  of 
earthenware  shown  in  Fig.  22,  which  at  first  seemed  to  us  to  have  been  made  from 


404 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


the  base  of  a vessel,  but  which  proved  to  be  not  the  case.  At  the  back  of  the 
skull  was  a bone  pin,  round  in  cross-section,  about  7 inches  long;  and  bits  of  sheet- 
copper.  Nearby  was  another  pin  about  the  same  length,  stained  with  copper  and 
having  bits  of  sheet-copper  in  association.  These  pins  probably  fitted  into  orna- 
ments of  sheet-copper  intended  for  use  in  the  hair,  of  the  kind  found  by  us  in 
Mound  H at  our  first  visit  to  Moundville.  About  one  foot  from  the  skull  was  a 
pendant  of  sheet-copper. 

Burial  Number  44,  in  the  field  west  of  Mound  R,  a skeleton  of  an  adult 
extended  on  the  back,  had  a small  “celt”  at  the  right  elbow.  Small  shell  beads 
were  at  the  neck.  At  each  side  of  the  head  were  sheet-copper  ear-plugs  with  bone 
pins,  which  have  been  described  by  us  elsewhere  in  this  report.  Along  the  humerus 
were  seven  piercing  implements  of  bone.  Although  these  implements  lay  parallel 
one  to  another,  their  points  were  not  all  in  the  same  direction.  With  the  bone 
implements  lay  two  small  stone  “celts,”  one  of  which  is  double-bladed. 

In  the  ground  south  of  Mound  D,  1 foot  8 inches  from  the  surface  (in  the  made 
ground),  was  a pot-shaped  oven  of  clay,  burned  hard  to  a thickness  of  about  one 
inch.  The  diameter  of  the  oven  was  1 foot  6 inches;  its  depth,  7 inches.  In  it 
lay  a large  part  of  a cooking  pot,  covered  with  soot. 

It  is  our  belief  that  Moundville  was  at  one  time  an  important  religious  center 
and  that  the  great  mounds  within  the  circle  (which  are  too  large,  we  think,  to  have 
been  merely  domiciliary)  were  connected  with  the  cults  held  sacred  at  that  place1. 

Prominent  among  these  cults,  presumably,  was  the  worship  of  the  sun.  We 
know  from  Charlevoix,  from  du  Pratz,  and  from  Chevalier  Tonti,  that  the  worship 
of  the  sun  still  obtained  in  their  time  in  regions  not  remote  from  Moundville,  and 
that  the  divinity  had  temples  and  priests,  and  that  sacred  fire  perpetually  burnt  as 
an  emblem  of  the  sun. 

According  to  Tonti,  the  sun  was  the  deity  most  commonly  adored  throughout 
all  that  region. 

To  the  eastward  of  Moundville,  in  earlier  times,  the  cacique  Vitachuco  told 
the  Spaniards  under  DeSoto  that  they  were  “sons  of  the  devil  and  not  of  the  sun 
and  moon,  our  gods;”  1 and  in  the  Moundville  region  itself  a follower  of  Tuscaloosa 
at  Mauvila  spoke  of  the  sun  and  moon  as  deities.2 

If  then,  Moundville  was  a religious  center  and  heliotry  was  prominent  among 
its  cults,  Ave  would  naturally  expect  the  engraved  designs  on  the  earthenware  to 
bear  witness  to  the  fact,  since  religion  so  often  finds  expression  in  the  art  of  primi- 
tive peoples. 

Let  us  consider  the  designs  found  on  both  our  visits  to  Moundville, — the 
plumed  or  horned  serpent ; the  eagle  ; the  woodpecker;  the  six  Avorld-“  quarters;”  etc. 

1 “ La  Florida  del  Inca.'’  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  (Madrid,  1722)  Second  Book,  First  Part,  Chapter 
XXI,  p.  54. 

1 Ibid.  Book  Third.  Chapter  XXVI.  Page  14!). 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


405 


If  we  find  these  to  be  connected  with  snn-worship  elsewhere,  it  is  likely  they  had 
a similar  significance  at  Moundville. 

O 

Among  the  Hopi,1  back  of  sun-worship,  we  generally  detect  sky-god  worship — 
the  sun  being  only  a symbol,  mask,  or  shield,  not  the  god  of  the  sky  or  distinct 
from  the  sky-god. 

The  great  horned  or  plumed  serpent  is  a sky-god,  sometimes  referred  to  as  a 
sun-god,  the  sun  being  a symbol  of  certain  attributes  of  the  sky-god. 

Near  the  Hopi  pueblo  of  Walpi,  the  spring  Tawapa,  supposed  to  be  the  home 
of  the  plumed  serpent,  is  called  the  sun-spring. 

The  horned  or  plumed  serpent  cult,  as  a form  of  sun-  and  sky-worship,  was 
widely  distributed  in  ancient  Mexico,  as  well  as  among  the  early  inhabitants  of  the 
Mississippi  valley.  The  plumed  serpent  and  symbols  probably  representing  the 
sun,  appear  together  on  a bottle  made  by  the  mound  builders  of  Arkansas.2 

In  ancient  Mexico  Quauhtli,  the  eagle,  was  sacred  to  the  sun.  The  sun  him- 
self was  often  called  “the  rising  eagle”  instead  of  his  more  common  name, 
Tonahtiuh,  “the  lord  of  day.” 

We  are  indebted  to  Miss  H.  Newell  Wardle,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, for  various  references  including  that  which  Charlevoix  makes  to  two  figures 
of  eagles  on  the  roof  of  the  sun-temple  in  the  Louisiana-Mississippi  region,  and 
which  Tonti  describes  as  “a  couple  of  spread-eagles  which  looked  towards  the  Sun.” 

Eagles'  feathers  are  used  with  discs  to  represent  the  sun-god  among  the  Hopi 
of  Arizona  (Fewkes).  Among  the  Huichol  Indians,  descendants  of  ancient  Mexi- 
cans, “young  Mother  Eagle”  is  intimately  connected  with  the  cult  of  the  sun,  and 
according  to  one  account,  is  his  mother.3  Among  the  same  Indians,  the  giant 
woodpecker  (first  cousin  to  our  ivory-bill  of  Moundville)  is  sacred  to  the  sun.4 

We  have  given  elsewhere  in  this  report  our  reasons  for  supposing  it  a possi- 
bility that  the  six  world-“  quarters  ” of  ancient  Mexico,  and  of  the  present  Mexi- 
can and  Pueblo  Indians,  were  known  to  Moundville  and  figured  on  its  vases. 

If  such  is  the  case  we  can  connect  these  directions  with  sun-worship  among 
the  Hopi,  where  the  priest  makes  offering  to  the  six  world-“  quarters,”  of  feathered 
strings,  some  of  which  are  tied  to  an  emblem  representing  the  sun  (Fewkes). 

In  our  first  report  on  Moundville  we  show  on  a vessel  (Figs.  87,  88)  haloed  or 
winged  suns,  each  crossed  by  an  arrow,  perhaps  emblematic  of  the  sun’s  rays,  and 
possibly  indicating  the  cult  of  the  sun. 

At  all  events,  whatever  opinion  we  may  form  in  regard  to  the  cults  of  prehis- 
toric Moundville — an  opinion  which  must  be  based  largely  on  conjecture — we  know 
the  region  to  have  been  a most  interesting  one  and  the  inhabitants  of  Moundville 
to  have  figured  among  the  foremost  in  the  art  of  the  ancient  peoples  of  what  is 
now  the  United  States. 

1 “ Hopi  Shrines  near  the  East  Mesa,  Arizona.”  Anier.  Anthropologist,  April-June,  1906.  Dr. 
J.  Walter  Fewkes — and  in  private  letters. 

2 W.  H.  Holmes.  20th  An.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethn.,  p.  91. 

3 Dr.  Carl  Lurnholtz.  “Symbolism  of  the  Huichol  Indians,”  p.  14,  Mem.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist 
Vol.  III. 

4 Dr.  Carl  Lurnholtz.  Ibid.,  p.  11. 


406 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED 


Place  of  burial,  Crystal  River.  Portion  dug  at  first  visit,  enclosed  in  broken  line 
at  second  visit,  shown  by  diagonal  lines. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 

By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

Crystal  River,  on  the  western  coast  of  Florida,  about  twenty-five  miles  south 
of  Cedar  Keys,  was  visited  by  us  in  the  season  of  1903.  Considerable  work  with 
interesting  results  was  done  there  near  the  well-known,  rectangular  shell-mound 
about  three  miles  from  the  river’s  mouth.  Full  account  of  this  work  is  given  in 
our  “Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Central  Florida  West  Coast.”1 

By  consulting  the  accompanying  plan  it  will  be  noted  that  the  scene  of  our 
investigation  was  an  enclosure  surrounded  by  an  embankment,  and  that  the  enclo- 
sure consisted  of  first  a level  space,  then  much  ground  sloping  upward  and,  finally, 
a well-defined  mound  rising  above  this  slope. 

At  our  first  visit,  though  we  dug  away  the  entire  mound  and  a large  portion 
of  the  sloping  ground,  we  left  a part  of  the  latter  uninvestigated.  Therefore  we 
revisited  the  place  of  burial  near  Crystal  River  in  the  winter  of  1906,  with  the 
kind  consent  of  Mr.  R.  J.  Knight,  of  the  town  of  Crystal  River,  the  owner  of  the 
property,  to  whom  we  were  indebted  for  permission  to  investigate  before. 

The  plan  given  herewith  shows  the  embankment  (C  C)  ; the  level  ground 
inside  the  embankment  (D  D) ; the  slope  (E  E) ; and  the  mound  proper  (F).  The 
area  excavated  by  us  at  our  first  visit,  with  the  exception  of  small  portions  around 
a few  trees,  is  shown  enclosed  in  broken  line,  while  the  part  dug  through  at  the 
time  of  our  second  visit  appears  in  diagonal  lines. 

This  second  investigation,  as  the  plan  shows,  included  all  the  sloping  ground 
that  remained,  consequently  the  entire  slope  and  the  mound  proper  have  been  dug 
down  by  us.  The  maximum  diameters  of  the  area  investigated  are  150  feet 
northeast  to  southwest  and  the  same  distance  from  northwest  to  southeast. 

The  digging  was  begun  on  the  margin  of  the  slope  and  was  carried  in  at  a 
depth  considerably  below  the  surface  of  the  surrounding  level  ground.  The  height 
of  the  mound  proper  above  the  general  level  was  10  feet  8 inches,  and  above  the 
elevated  ground  which  surrounded  it,  it  was  from  5 feet  8 inches  to  6 feet  8 inches. 

Burials,  almost  invariably  consisting  of  skeletons,  were  found  by  us  at  our 
second  visit  to  lie  as  a rule  under  deposits  of  shell  as  we  found  them  before. 
These  deposits  of  shell  did  not  extend  to  the  surface,  but  lay  under  the  superficial 
sand;  and  the  deposits  were  not  over  single  burials  as  a rule,  but  were  layers 
covering  a number  of  burials.  In  the  southern  and  southeastern  part  of  the  ele- 
vated ground  a layer  of  shell  was  almost  continuous,  and  skeletons  lay  here  and 
there  beneath  it.  A few  skeletons  were  found  in  sand  apart  from  shell,  but  these 
were  met  with  at  the  border  of  the  mound  proper,  and  probably  belonged  to  the 
mound.  When  digging  down  this  mound  at  our  first  visit  we  found  that  its  con- 

1 Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Yol.  XII. 


408 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


struction  differed  from  the  sloping  ground  around  it  in  that  deposits  of  shell  were 
much  less  numerous  in  the  mound,  and  consequently  many  burials  were  in  clear 
sand  apart  from  shell. 

Bunched  burials,  only  a few  of  which  were  found  at  our  second  visit,  invaria- 
bly lay  in  sand,  and  were  always  at  a less  depth  than  the  shell  deposits  beneath 
which  other  forms  of  burial  lay.  However,  these  bunched  burials  were  found 
where  the  mound  joined  the  sloping  ground  and  probably  were  left  over  from  the 
great  number  of  bunched  burials  which  we  found  in  the  mound  proper  at  the  time 
of  our  first  visit. 

There  were  also  in  the  sand  and  in  the  shell  layers  numbers  of  scattered  and 
broken  human  bones.  It  was  impossible  for  us  to  classify  these  as  to  form  of  burial 
and  no  account  of  them  is  taken  in  our  enumeration. 

During  the  second  visit  186  burials  were  met  with,  as  follows: 


Full  length  on  back,  of  which  27  were  children,  . . . .115 

Full  length,  face  down,  .........  1 

Closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,  ........  9 

Closely  flexed  on  the  left  side,  ........  8 

Partly  flexed  on  the  right  side,  including  4 children,  ....  18 

Partly  flexed  on  the  left  side,  2 being  children,  . . . . . 17 

Partly  flexed  on  the  back,  knees  up,  .......  2 

In  caved  sand,  ...........  5 

Details  omitted  from  field-notes,  a child,  ......  1 

Infant  skeleton  badly  decayed,  ........  1 

Bunched  burial  with  one  skull,  ........  1 

Bunched  burials  with  two  skulls,  .......  2 

Bunched  burials  with  three  skulls,  .......  2 

Bunched  burial  with  seven  skulls,  .......  1 


The  three  remaining  burials,  somewhat  differing  from  the  general  types,  will 
be  particularly  described  : 

(1)  Adult,  trunk  on  back,  thighs  turned  upward  and  outward  at  an  obtuse 
angle,  legs  flexed  back  at  an  acute  angle,  feet  crossed. 

(2)  Adult,  full  length  on  back,  legs  crossed  at  knees. 

(3)  In  a pit  below  the  base,  badly  decayed  skeletons  of  two  infants,  together. 

Throughout  the  second  investigation  but  two  skulls1  in  a preservable  condition 

were  found.  No  skulls  or  parts  of  skulls  showed  evidence  of  cranial  compression. 

With  a number  of  burials  was  sand  tinted  by  admixture  of  red  hematite,  and 
a few  burials  lay  with  sand  made  yellow  by  the  addition  of  powdered  limonite. 

The  artifacts  found  during  our  second  investigation  are  practically  of  the  same 
character  as  those  found  by  us  before,  though  the  experience  of  our  former  visit 
was  emphasized,  namely,  that  objects  of  superior  quality  had  been  placed  in  the 
mound  proper  and  not  in  the  elevated  area  which  surrounded  it.  On  this,  the 
second  visit,  when  our  work  was  of  necessity  confined  to  the  sloping  ground,  but 

1 The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  catalogue  numbers  2231,  2232. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


409 


one  earthenware  vessel  of  superior  ware  and  decoration  was  found,  and  this  came 
from  where  the  slope  joined  the  mound  proper  and  really  belonged  to  the  mound. 
Objects  of  crystal  and  of  amethystine  quartz,  unbroken  pipes,  and  copper  (if  we 
exclude  a single  object  found  in  sand  thrown  out  from  the  mound  in  our  former 
visit)  were  not  encountered  on  this  occasion,  though  the  yield  of  such  objects  was 
abundant  at  the  time  of  our  first  investigation. 

Artifacts,  as  before,  were  found  with  some  burials  and  also  scattered  in  sand 
and  in  the  layers  of  shell.  Possibly  the  scattered  objects  had  belonged  to  burials 
represented  by  the  disordered  bones  of  which  we  have  spoken  ; indeed  it  is  likely 
that  some  of  them  did.  We  are  inclined  to  believe  that  in  some  cases,  also,  artifacts 


I nches 

F 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | ' 1 1 ~| 

o 12  3 4-56 

Fig.  1. — Sherds.  Crystal  Kiver. 

were  placed  in  the  shell  layers  collectively  for  the  dead  in  common.  At  all  events, 
on  one  occasion  at  least,  a deposit  of  sand  colored  with  hematite  occurred  in  a layer 
of  shell  in  connection  with  artifacts,  and  this  deposit  of  colored  sand  was  compact 
as  if  intentionally  placed  in  the  shells  and  not  scattered  as  seemingly  it  must  have 
been  had  it  been  an  accidental  accompaniment  of  disarranged  bones. 

Fragments  of  earthenware  found  during  our  second  visit  were  inferior  or  were 
of  medium  excellence  in  the  main,  giving  little  evidence  of  what  we  know  the 


52  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


410 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


aborigines  of  Crystal  River  could  accomplish  in  the  potter’s  art.  The  small 
check-stamp  is  represented,  as  is  the  complicated  stamp  to  a limited  extent.  A 
selection  of  sherds,  recovered  during  our  second  visit  is  shown  in  Figs.  1,  2. 

One  fragment  of  earthenware  is  of  much  interest.  At  our  former  visit  we 
were  fortunate  enough  to  find  in  the  mound  proper  a part  of  what  had  been  a large, 


I nches 

| — r"i"  i" ' j i i"  'T  yi  l i | r i—i  | i i i | i ~i  rq 

0 12  3 4 5 6 

Fig.  2. — Sherds.  Crystal  River. 

cylindrical  vessel  of  excellent  ware.  This  fragment,  which  bears  an  incised  and 
boldly  executed  design  representing  an  open  hand,  and  small  parts  of  other  inter- 
esting symbols,  is  shown  in  Fig.  18  of  our  former  report,  in  which  we  set  forth  how 
we  searched  without  avail  for  other  parts  of  this  vessel. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


411 


We  were  fortunate  enough  to  find,  this  time,  in  sand  tossed  out  on  our  former 
visit,  another  fragment  which  undoubtedly  belonged  to  the  same  remarkable  vessel. 
The  ware  is  the  same ; the  curvature  is  identical ; and  the  decoration,  in  our 
opinion,  is  from  the  same  bold  hand  that  executed  the  design  on  the  fragment 
first  found  by  us.  Unfortunately 
the  two  fragments  do  not  join, 
though  both  belong  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  vessel  and  include 
parts  of  the  rim.  We  have, 
altogether,  less  than  half  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  upper  six  inches 
of  a vessel  originally  about  five 
inches  in  diameter.  The  original 
height  of  the  vessel  cannot  be 
determined,  though  judging  from 
parts  of  the  decoration  which  are 
missing,  the  height  must  have 
been  considerably  in  excess  of 
that  of  the  fragments  found  by 
us.  The  fragment  last  found  is 
shown  in  Fisr.  3. 

o 

Professor  Holmes  writes  that 
the  figures  on  these  two  fragments 
“ are  probably  parts  of  a single 
design,  or  at  least  a group  of  re- 
lated designs,  which  covered  the 
entire  exterior  surface  of  the  ves- 
sel. They  are,  indeed,  interest- 
ing, as  you  suggest,  and  illustrate 
the  versatile  genius  of  the  south- 
ern potter ; but  they  are  not  gen- 
erically  distinct  in  character  or 
execution  from  others.  * 

“ I do  not  see  the  least  reason 
for  attributing  these  figures  to  the 
whites  or  suspecting  white  influ- 
ence. They  are  aboriginal  in 
every  way.”' 


Two  sherds  belonsdns;  to  a 

O O 


vessel  of 


coarse,  porous  ware 


Fig.  3. — Fragment  of  vessel.  Crystal  Fiver.  (About  full  size. 


seem  to  have  borne  an  interesting  design  where  what  may  have  been  intended  to 
represent  the  head  of  a bird,  front  view,  appears  in  relief  on  the  flaring  neck  of 
the  vessel.  At  one  side  is  seen  an  incised  design  perhaps  showing  part  of  a wing. 


412 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


Fig.  4. — Fragments  of  vessel.  Crystal  River.  (About  full  size.) 


On  the  second  sherd  is  probably 
part  of  another  wing  which,  how- 
ever, by  no  means  corresponds 
with  the  first  one  (Fig.  4). 

A small  fragment  of  a vessel, 
found  in  this  investigation  (Fig.  5 
and  diagram,  Fig.  6)  seems,  judg- 
ing from  form  and  decoration,  to 
have  been  the  tail  on  a vessel  rep- 
resenting a bird.  If  such  is  the 
case,  the  vessel  was  a marked 
exception,  as  the  life-form,  so 
abundant  in  the  pottery  of  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Florida,  is 
conspicuously  absent  from  the 
earthenware  of  the  central  western 
coast. 

A fragment  of  a monitor-pipe 
of  earthenware  was  found  apart 
from  human  remains. 

Among  fragments  of  earthen- 
ware met  with  at  this  visit,  as 
before,  were  a number  of  parts  of 
vessels  which  had  possessed  four 
feet,  and  several  entire  vessels  each 
having  four  feet  also.  As  nothing 
found  by  us  at  either  visit  to  the 
aboriginal  place  of  burial  at  Crystal 


River  gave  distinct  evidence  of 
contact  with  Europeans,  and  as 
we  have  found  vessels  with  feet 
in  many  other  mounds,  the  con- 
tents of  which  gave  no  proof  of 
the  infiuence  of  white  men,  we 
believe  that  aboriginal  vessels 
with  feet  were  not  of  neces- 
sity inspired  by  contact  with 
Europeans. 

We  shall  now  describe  in 
detail  the  vessels  of  earthenware 
found  by  us  during  our  second 
visit,  continuing  the  enumeration 
from  the  last  number  in  our 

former  report.  Fig.  5. — Fragment  of  vessel.  Crystal  River.  (About  full  size.) 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


413 


Vessel  No.  27.— This  vessel,  found  in  separate  fragments,  somewhat  scattered, 
but  since  put  together,  is  a small,  undecorated  bowl  of  excellent  ware,  having  the 
rim  projecting  hoirzontally,  as 


shown  in  Figs.  25  and  33  of 
our  former  report.  The  base 
has  sustained  the  mortuary 
mutilation  often  practised  in 
Florida  and  in  parts  of  Geor- 
gia and  of  Alabama,  to  “ kill  ” 
the  pot  that  its  soul  might  be 
free  to  accompany  that  of  the 
departed. 

Vessel  No.  28. — This 
vase,  which  lay  on  the  chest 
of  the  skeleton  of  a child,  is 
a rudely-made,  asymmetrical 
vessel  of  eccentric  shape,  hav- 
ing carelessly-made  line  deco- 
ration (Fig.  7).  There  are 
two  perforations  for  suspen- 
sion. A small,  round  perfora- 
tion is  in  the  base.  Carefullv 
placed  on  this  hole  was  a 


Fig.  6. — Fragment,  of  vessel.  Decoration.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  7. — Vessel  ^o.  28.  Crystal  River.  (Height  5 inches.) 


neatly-made  disc  of  earthen- 
ware which  was  distinctly  not 
that  portion  of  the  base  that 
had  been  punched  out  in  order 
to  make  the  opening. 

Vessel  No.  29. — An  un- 
decorated, imperforate  bowl  of 
inferior  ware,  found  at  the  head 
of  a skeleton. 

Vessel  No.  30. — A rude, 
undecorated  bowl,  from  a shell 
layer,  having  a small,  round 
perforation  cut  through  the 
base. 

Vessel  No.  31. — A diminu- 
tive, imperforate  toy  pot  with 
four  feet,  found  apart  from 
human  remains. 

Vessel  No,  32. — An  undec- 
orated, imperforate  toy  vessel, 


414 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


constricted  around  the  middle  and  having  a hole  for  suspension  on  two  opposite 
sides  of  the  aperture  (Fig.  8). 

Vessel  No.  33. — A small,  undecorated,  perforate  bowl  of  coarse  ware,  found  at 

the  ankle  of  a skeleton. 

Vessel  No.  34. — A pot  of  coarse  ware,  undecorated 
save  for  notches  at  the  margin,  found  near  scattered 
human  bones.  The  usual  mortuary  mutilation  is 
present. 

Vessel  No.  35. — A graceful,  oblate-spheroidal  ves- 
sel of  excellent  ware  (Fig.  9),  with  basal  perforation, 
having  a short,  upright  neck  and  scalloped  rim  project- 
ing horizontally ; found  in  caved  sand.  The  interest- 
ing line  and  punctate  designs,  each  of  which  appears 
four  times  on  the  vessel,  are  shown  in  diagram  in 
Fig.  10. 

Vessel  No.  36. — A small,  undecorated,  imperforate 
pot  with  four  feet. 

Vessel  No.  37. — A small,  imperforate  vessel  having 

fig.  8.— Vessel  No.  32.  Crystal  River,  four  lobes  and  rude  line  and  punctate  decoration, 
(About  full  size.) 


Fig.  9. — Vessel  No.  35.  Crystal  River.  (Diameter  6.5  inches.) 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


415 


with  four  feet  (Fig.  11).  A part,  missing  when  the  rest  of  the  vessel  was  found, 
has  been  restored. 

Th  roughout  this  second  investigation  we  unearthed  fifty-three  drinking  cups 
wrought  from  concli-shells  {Fulgur perversuni)? 
of  which  twenty-one  are  imperforate  and  thirty- 
three  bear  the  mortuary  mutilation  of  the  base. 

This  number  of  cups,  however,  by  no  means 
represents  the  total  of  such  cups  in  the  tract 
dug  through  by  us,  inasmuch  as  many,  probably 
as  many  again  as  we  have  noted,  were  found 
badly  decayed  and  broken  into  fragments.  Five 
other  drinking  cups  were  made  respectively 
from  Fasciolaria  gigantea , Fasciolaria  tulipa , 


Cassis  cameo , Fulgur  pyrum , and  Fulgur 


Fig.  10. — Vessel  No.  35.  Decoration.  (Half  size). 


Seven  gouges  were  met  with, 


carica.  The  last  shell  is  of  extreme  rarity  on 
the  western  coast  of  Florida  so  far  as  our  experience  has  gone. 

Thirty-three  chisels  and  gouges,  made  from  columellae  of  large  marine  uni- 
valves, were  found  during  our  work.  As  we  noticed  before,  these  columella?  occa- 
sionally had  a wing  or  flange  left  at  the  cutting  edge  to  increase  the  gauge. 

made  from  roughly  triangular  sections  of  the 
body  whorl  of  Fulgur  perversion.  Several 
of  these  are  unfinished,  the  grinding  of  the 
cutting  edge  apparently  having  been  omitted. 

There  were  found  also  seven  “celts”  fash- 
ioned from  the  thick  lip  of  Strombus  gigas. 
Most  ol  these,  as  well  as  the  majority  of  other 
objects  of  shell  found  during  this  investiga- 
tion, were  badly  affected  by  lapse  of  time, 
some  being  covered  with  a thick  coating  of 
patina,  which,  peeling  oft  in  places,  left  them 
in  a rather  sorry  condition. 

During  the  digging  were  found : clam- 

shells showing  wear;  triangular  sections  of 
clam-shells ; cockle-shells  (Cardium)  perforated 
for  the  reception  of  handles;  a conch  ( Fulgur 
perversion ) with  two  perforations  for  insertion 
of  a handle  at  right-angles  to  the  shell. 

No  fewer  than  forty  gorgets  of  shell  were 
found  during  our  second  visit  to  Crystal  River,  and  had  the  aborigines  who  lived 
near  the  great  shell-heap  made  use  of  engraved  designs  on  these  ornaments,  as  was 
sometimes  the  aboriginal  custom  elsewhere,  the  yield  would  have  been  interesting 
indeed.  Unfortunately,  most  of  the  gorgets  from  Crystal  River  lacked  decoration 
1 Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  kindly  has  determined  all  shells  referred  to  in  this  paper. 


Fig.  11. — Vessel  No.  37.  Crystal  River. 

full  size.) 


(About 


416 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


of  any  sort.  The  favorite  form  seems  to  have  been  a section  of  the  body-whorl  of 
a conch,  sometimes  including  part  of  the  shoulder,  with  one,  two,  or  three  perfora- 
tions for  suspension.  Series  of  two  and  of  three  gorgets  were  found,  usually  with 

burials,  and  in  one  instance  four  gor- 
gets lay  together.  Each  series  had 
gradation  of  size,  the  smaller  lying 
within  the  larger.  A few  gorgets, 
wrought  from  considerable  parts  of 
body-whorls  of  Fulgur , somewhat 
resemble  shallow  drinking-cups, 
though  the  presence  of  small  per- 
forations for  suspension  places  them 
in  the  gorget  class.  There  are  also 
circular  gorgets  variously  perfo- 
rated for  suspension,  some  having 
large  central  holes  in  addition  ; and 
annular  ones  having  a projection 
to  which  a cord  could  be  attached. 
A few  of  the  gorgets  have  on  the 
convex  side  a series  of  concentric 
circles  rudely  executed — the  only 
form  of  incised  decoration  met  with 
on  the  gorgets  at  Crystal  River. 
A selection  of  these  gorgets  is 
shown  in  Figs.  12,  13,  14,  15,  16. 

As  in  our  former  investigation, 
the  yield  of  shell  pendants  on  our 
second  visit  was  large,  seventy-two 
being  found — in  some  cases  a num- 
ber  with  a single  burial.  All  are 
of  the  same  type  as  those  found 
during  our  preceding  visit,  and  all 
are  grooved  at  one  end  for  suspen- 
sion. On  many  are  traces  of  bitu- 
men by  the  aid  of  which  the  cord 
or  sinew  had  been  attached. 

Two  oblong  strips  of  body- 

Fig.  12. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.)  1 

whorls  ot  ruigur  perversion  were 
met  with,  each  with  a projection  at.  one  end  for  suspension,  as  shown  in  Figs.  17,  18. 

In  several  instances  small  marine  shells  perforated  for  use  as  beads  were  found  ; 
and  in  one  case  a considerable  number  ( Marginella  apicin a)  lay  with  gorgets  near 
scattered  bones. 

Where  pendent  ornaments  were  so  much  in  vogue,  one  naturally  would  look 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


417 


Fig.  13. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  14. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal  River. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  15. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 


53  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PTIILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


418 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


for  an  ample  yield  of  shell  beads,  since  by  strings  of  these  such  objects  often  were 
suspended.  With  three  burials  only  did  a few  small  beads  of  shell  occur;  these 

beads  and  four  large  shell  beads,  also  with 
burials,  were  the  sum  total  of  our  discovery  in 
the  way  of  ordinary  beads  of  shell.  At  our 
first  visit  to  Crystal  River  this  dearth  of  beads 
was  noted  and  commented  on. 

Shell  hair-pins,  as  before,  were  conspicu- 
ously absent. 

An  object  of  shell  of  eccentric  form  and 
problematical  use,  found  by  us  at  the  time  of 
the  second  investigation,  is  shown  in  Fig.  19. 


Fig.  16. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal  River. 
(Full  size.) 


On  one  edge  are  nicks  or  tally 
marks  such  as  often  are  found  on 
ceremonial  objects. 

Four  small  ornaments  of  shell, 
found  lying  together  with  a burial, 
are  shown  in  Fig.  20. 

A shell,  a young  Fasciolaria 
gig  an  tea,  ground  smooth  over  its 
entire  outer  surface,  has  a round 
hole  on  one  side  for  suspension. 

During  the  second  investiga- 
tion  were  found  in  the  sand  and  in 
the  shell  deposits  the  usual  ham- 
mer-stones, hones,  flakes  of  chert, 
parts  of  arrowheads  or  knives,  and 
fragments  of  “ celts.’  There  were 
also  two  small  balls  of  stone  and 
half  of  a bar-amulet  of  slate. 

Four  u celts”  were  found,  the 
largest  having  a length  of  6.5 
inches.  These  were  presented  to 
Mi-.  Knight,  the  owner  of  the  property,  without  determination  of  the  stone  of 


Fig.  17. — Ornament  of 
shell.  Crystal  River. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  18. — Ornament  of  shell.  Crystal 
River.  (Full  size.) 


which  they  are  made. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


419 


Altogether,  fifteen  lanceheads,  arrowheads,  and  knives  were  met  with,  some 
with  burials  and  some  apart  from  human  remains.  Five  lanceheads,  four  of  chert, 


Fig.  20. — Ornaments  of  shell.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 


one  of  quartzite,  lay  with  a skeleton.  The  remaining 
points — nearly  all  lanceheads — are  of  chert  save  one, 
an  arrowhead  of  chalcedony.  Several  of  the  lance- 
heads,  none  of  which  exceeds  6.5  inches  in  length, 
are  beautifully  wrought,  one  of  medium  size  being 
finely  pointed  and  barbed. 

With  many  burials  were  sheets  of  mica  of  irregu- 
lar outline,  some  of  them  dyed  red  from  contact  with 
hematite.  Other  sheets,  in  abundance,  lay  apart  from 
human  remains. 

A beautiful  little  ornament  representing  a turtle 

(Fig.  21),  perforated  for 
suspension,  doubtless 
came  from  the  neighbor- 
hood of  a skeleton, 
though  the  ornament 


Fig.  19. 


-Ornament  of  shell. 
River.  (Full  size.) 


Crystal 


apparently  lay  alone.  The  material  probably  is  cat- 
linite.  Various  ornaments  of  this  stone  from  Min- 
nesota were  found  during  the  first  investigation  at 


Fig.  21. — Pendant  in  form  of  turtle.  Two  Crvstul  River 
positions.  Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 

Seventy-three  stone  pendants  or  charm-stones 
were  found  during  our  second  visit,  some  with  burials,  others  apparently  not 
directly  associated  with  human  remains.  These  pendants,  which  do  not  present 
any  particularly  new  form,  are  mostly  of  the  limestone  and  of  the  ferruginous 
limestone  found  near  the  Crystal  River  region,  and  one  is  of  chert.  One  pendant 
is  of  calcite ; one  is  of  quartz,  and  a few  are  of  other  hard  stones  not  found  in 


420 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


Florida.  One  of  these  pendants  (Fig.  22)  is  almost  a facsimile  of  the  type  of  the 
two  curious  pendants  of  copper,  each  having  two  projections,  found  by  us  on  our 
first  visit  to  Crystal  River  and  shown,  one  above  the  other,  in 
Fig.  53  of  our  former  report.  A selection  of  four  pendants 
found  at  the  time  of  our  second  visit  is  shown  in  Figs.  23,  24, 

25,  26. 

In  a deposit,  together,  were  three  pendants,  probably  of 
slate,  of  the  same  type  as  the  long  ones  shown  in  Fig.  48  of  our 
former  report.  Their  lengths  are  8.3  inches,  8.5  inches,  8.9 
inches,  respectively. 


Fig.  22. — Pendant.  Crystal 
River.  (About  full  size.) 


Fig.  23. — Pendant.  Crystal 
River.  (About  full  size.) 


Fig. 24. — Pendant.  Crys- 
tal River.  (About  full 
size.) 


Fig.  26. — Pendant. 
Crystal  River. 
(About  full  size.) 


Fig.  25. — Pendant.  Crystal 
River.  (Aboutfullsize.) 


In  Fig.  27  is  shown  a fossil  shark’s  tooth  which  has  been  used  as  a pendant, 
as  two  encircling  grooves,  one  at  each  corner  of  the  root  of  the  tooth,  clearly  prove. 
In  a mound  of  the  Georgia  coast  we 
found  a fossil  shark’s  tooth  from  which 
part  of  the  root  had  been  cut  on  two 
sides  to  facilitate  hafting.  The  end  oi 
this  tooth  was  splintered  by  use. 


Fig.  27. — Fossil  shark’s  tooth  used  as  a pendant. 
Crystal  River.  (Full  size.) 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


421 


Several  masses  of  coral,  hemispherical  in  shape,  lay  in  the  sand  or  in  the  shell 
layer,  the  Hat  surface  of  each  mass  showing  marks  of  use  as  a smoothing-stone. 

4/7  o O 

In  sand  thrown  out  at  the  time  of  the  former  investigation  was  part  of  an 
ear-ornament  of  sheet-copper,  of  the  form  sometimes  designated  “spool-shaped.” 
The  under  portion  of  the  ornament  is  somewhat  defective  by  reason  of  former 
breakage;  the  upper  part  is  entire. 

On  the  upper  surface  of  this  upper  part  is  a thin  sheet  of  material  resembling 
iron  rust.  That  this  material  was  not  deposited  after  the  ornament  was  placed  in 
the  mound  (and  we  know  that  bog-iron  sometimes  is  deposited  in  this  way)  is 
shown  by  two  facts : The  material  does  not  lie  over  the  entire  ornament,  but  is 
symmetrically  placed  on  the  upper,  outer  surface,  just  as  silver  plating  has  been 
found  upon  similar  aboriginal  ornaments;  and,  secondly,  an  even  covering  of 
decayed  wood  is  still  present  above  the  material.  Evidently  an  even  deposit  of 
bog-iron  would  not  form  on  one  part  of  an  ornament  alone,  and  especially  below  a 
portion  protected  by  a covering  of  wood.  Therefore  the  plating  was  artificial. 

As  the  ores  of  iron  are  not  malleable  and,  therefore  afford  no  material  from 
which  a coating  of  the  kind  found  by  us  could  have  been  directly  made,  the  original 
plating  must  have  been  of  metallic  iron. 

Small  fragments  of  this  coating,  analyzed  by  Dr.  H.  E.  Keller,  proved  it  to  be 
hydrated  oxide  of  iron,  containing  nickel.  This  hydrated  oxide  could  well  be  a 
derivative  of  metallic  iron  which  had  rusted  through  and  through,  and  this  hypoth- 
esis is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  material  on  the  ornament  is  magnetic, 
while  hydrated  oxide  ores  of  iron  are  non-magnetic,  as  a rule. 

As  it  is  practically  certain  that  at  Crystal  River  we  have  to  do  with  a pre- 
Columbian  site,  we  must  reckon  with  the  fact  that  this  sheet-iron  was  of  aboriginal 
origin  solely. 

It  was  not  in  the  power  of  the  aborigines  to  recover  the  metal  iron  from  iron 
ore,  and  terrestrial  native  iron  is  not  found  in  various  localities  in  masses  as  the 
native,  metallic  copper  is  found  ; consequently,  it  is  necessary  to  explain  how  pre- 
Columbian  aborigines  in  Florida  became  possessed  of  iron  in  its  native,  metallic 
form. 

Fortunately  this  can  be  done  with  the  aid  of  Prof.  E.  W.  Putnam1  and  Dr.  L. 
P.  Kinnicutt,2  who  have  shown  that  iron  from  the  Turner  group  of  mounds  in  Ohio 
is  meteoric  iron,  containing  a large  percentage  of  nickel,  and  showing  other  distinc- 
tive features. 

In  the  plating  of  our  specimen,  which  is  rusted  through  and  through,  and 
from  which  only  minute  fragments  could  be  taken,  exact  determination  of  compo- 
nent parts  could  not  be  made,  but  Doctor  Keller  has  noted  the  presence  of  nickel 3 

1 Sixteenth  Report,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  1882. 

2 Seventeenth  Report,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  1883. 

3 Doctor  Keller  found  but  a small  quantity  of  nickel  in  our  specimen,  while  the  amount  of  nickel 
in  the  Ohio  nuggets  is  relatively  large.  The  analysis  of  the  iron  from  Ohio  was  confined  to  nuggets  of 
metallic  iron.  Doctor  Keller  thinks  much  nickel  must  have  washed  from  the  thin  plating  of  our 
specimen  during  the  transformation  from  metallic  iron  into  iron  rust. 


422 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


in  it,  and  to  our  mind  there  remains  no  doubt  that  the  plating  on  the  ear-ornament 
found  by  us  at  Crystal  River  was  originally  meteoric  iron  (which  is  metallic)  similar 
to  that  found  in  the  Ohio  mounds  in  small  masses  and  as  plating  on  copper  ornaments. 

Professor  Putnam  writes  : 

“ I have  read  your  notice  of  the  finding  of  an  ear-ornament  overlaid  or  covered 
on  the  upper  surface  with  meteoric  iron,  and  I am  much  interested  in  this  very 
decided  proof  of  the  close  connection  of  the  prehistoric  peoples  of  Florida  who 
buried  their  dead  in  earth  mounds,  with  those  of  the  Ohio  Valley  region.  You 
have  shown,  by  many  other  objects  which  you  have  found  in  the  Florida  mounds, 
that  this  connection  is  exemplified  by  the  arts  of  the  people,  and  that  there  was 
much  in  common  between  some  of  the  peoples  of  Florida  and  Ohio.  This  use  of 
meteoric  iron  in  covering  the  characteristic  ear-ornaments,  which  are  so  common  in 
the  ancient  mounds  of  Ohio  and  have  not  to  my  knowledge  been  found  in  the 
burial  places  of  the  recent  Indian  tribes,  is  very  strong  evidence  of  the  unity  of 
the  ancient  culture  of  the  two  regions.  In  other  Florida  mounds  you  have  found 
such  ear-ornaments  made  of  copper.  * * * The  fact  that  the  ancient  Floridians 

made  these  copper  ornaments  in  the  same  manner  as  did  the  builders  of  the  ancient 
earthworks  of  Ohio,  and  that  both  used  meteoric  iron  for  covering  the  outer  surface, 
is  most  instructive  in  tracing  the  connection  of  these  ancient  peoples. 

“ Similarly  covered  ear-ornaments  have  been  found  in  considerable  number  in 
the  Ohio  mounds.  I first  found  them  on  the  altar  of  the  Great  Mound  of  the  Tur- 
ner Group  and  afterward  with  skeletons  under  the  Great  Mound  of  the  Liberty 
Group  (afterward  known  as  the  Harness  Group).  While  Mr.  Moore  head  was  work- 
ing under  my  direction  for  the  World’s  Columbian  Exposition  he  found  a number 
of  these  ornaments  in  a mound  of  the  Clark,  or  Hopewell  Group. 

u Not  only  have  we  these  ear-ornaments  made  in  part  of  meteoric  iron,  but, 
on  the  altar  of  the  Turner  Group,  we  found  other  ornaments  made  of  meteoric 
iron,  as  well  as  pieces  of  meteorites,  while  in  the  Liberty  and  Clark  Groups  celts 
made  of  meteoric  iron  were  also  found. 

u This  shows  that  the  ancient  people  must  have  found  masses  of  meteoric  iron 
which  they  treated  by  hammering  as  they  did  native  copper  and  native  silver;  and 
the  great  interest  of  your  discovery  in  the  Florida  mound  is  that  the  people  who 
made  that  mound  at  Crystal  River  had  either  found  a mass  of  meteoric  iron  which 
they  utilized  in  the  same  manner  as  did  the  ancient  earthwork  builders  of  Ohio,  or 
else  this  ear-ornament  which  you  found  must  have  been  obtained  from  the  latter. 

“ It  is  probable  that  the  meteoric  iron  from  the  Turner  Group  was  derived 
from  two  distinct  meteorites,  as  there  is  a slight  difference  between  two  of  the 
smaller  masses.  The  larger  mass  from  the  altar  is  known  in  the  catalogues  of 
meteorites,  as  the  Andersonville  Prehistoric  Meteorite  (Andersonville  being  the 
township  in  Ohio  where  the  Turner  Group  is  located  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley).” 

The  latest  discovery  of  meteoric  iron  in  a mound  is  that  of  Win.  C.  Mills, 
M.  Sc.,  in  the  Edwin  Harness  mound,  Ohio.1 

1 “ Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.”  Ohio  Archseol.  and  Hist.  Quarterly.  Vol. 
XVI,  Xu  in.  2. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


423 

Seventy-eight  pointed  implements  of  bone,  made,  as  a rule,  from  the  cannon- 
bone  of  the  deer,  split  longitudinally,  were  unearthed  during  our  second  visit. 
Some  doubtless  were  used  as  piercing  implements,  while  some  with  flatter  points 
probably  served  in  basketry.  Two  slender  implements,  round  in  cross-section, 
show  various  small  grooves  at  one  end,  worn  by  attachment  of  thread  or  fine  cord. 
Among  the  pointed  implements  of  bone  are  a number  of  lancets  from  the  tails  of 
sting-rays  ( Trygori).  These  objects,  with  their  keen  points,  are  admirably  suited 
for  use  as  piercing  implements  for  which  doubtless  they  were  employed.  Excluded 
from  our  enumeration  of  implements  of  bone  were  very  many  decayed  fragments 
which  in  the  past,  no  doubt,  belonged  to  entire  implements. 

With  finished  implements  often  were  unfinished  ones,  cannon-bones  split  longi- 
tudinally but  not  pointed. 

Part  of  a lower  jaw,  which  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  kindly  has  identified  as  belong- 
ing to  the  Virginia  deer  ( Odocoilcus  virgin ianus),  had  been  smoothed  somewhat  at 
its  lower  surface  ; the  foramen  had  been  considerably  enlarged  and  all  that  side  of 
the  jaw  in  front  of  the  four  back  molars  had  been  cut  away. 

In  several  instances  knuckle-bones  of  deer  lay  piled  together. 

Variously  associated  were:  turtle-shells;  five  vertebrae  of  an  unidentified  fish, 
found  together;  a vertebra  which  Professor  Lucas  considers  probably  to  have 
belonged  to  a grampus  ( Grampus  griseus). 

Professor  Lucas  has  identified  certain  bones  from  the  Crystal  River  place  of 
burial  as  follows:  “The  front  of  cranium  of  carnivore  and  jaws,  are  from  the  same 
animal,  the  short-faced  dog  something  like  a bull-terrier  that  seems  to  have  been  a 
favorite  with  the  Indians  of  the  south  and  southwest.” 

As  full  details  of  the  association  of  all  objects  found  during  the  second  inves- 
tigation would  occupy  undue  space,  certain  selected  examples  only  will  be  given. 

A skeleton  lying  full  length  on  the  back  had,  near  the  proximal  end  of  the 
right  humerus,  a shell  pendant.  Three  marine  shells  ( Oliva  iiterata),  perforated 
for  use  as  beads,  were  at  the  right  elbow. 

Another  skeleton,  also  at  full  length  on  the  back,  had,  under  the  legs,  sheets 
of  mica  ; sand,  some  tinged  with  hematite,  some  with  limonite.  Below  the  skull 
were  : more  pink  sand  ; a pendant  of  limestone  : a slab  of  compact  rock  as  to  the 
identity  of  which  there  is  considerable  doubt;  one  shell  pendant;  one  pendant  of 
a hard  stone  not  found  in  Florida;  four  rudely  triangular  gorgets  made  from  the 
body-whorl  of  Fulgur , each  with  one  hole  for  suspension, — the  two  smaller  orna- 
ments Ling  within  the  larger  ones;  a rude  section  of  shell  with  a central  semiper- 
foration. Under  the  head  of  one  femur  was  an  annular  gorget  of  shell  with  a 
projection  for  suspension  and  having  incised  concentric  circles  on  the  convex  side. 

Still  another  full-length  skeleton  had  at  the  left  forearm,  in  a small  pile,  six 
astragali  of  the  deer  and  two  shells  ( Oliva  liteiata ) perforated  for  suspension. 

At  the  head  of  a skeleton  partly  flexed  on  the  left  side  was  a shell  drinking- 
cup  within  a turtle-shell  and  a neatly-made  shell  pendant  within  another  drinking- 
cup  of  shell. 


424 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


Near  the  skull  of  the  skeleton  of  a child,  six  or  seven  years  of  age,  were  one 
shell  chisel  and  eight  stone  pendants. 

With  a full-length  burial  were  : twenty-one  pointed  implements  of  hone,  entire, 
and  seventeen  of  the  same  material,  some  broken,  some  partly  decayed  ; live  lan- 
cets of  the  sting-ray  ( Trygon ) ; a lot  of  marine  shells  ( Macrocallista  gigantea ) ; a 
fragment  of  a columella  of  Fulgur ; bits  of  stone;  sand  colored  red  with  hematite 
and  yellow  with  limonite;  a number  of  astragali  and  phalanges,  with  part  of  a jaw- 
bone, of  a deer.  All  this  deposit  lay  above  the  legs  and  feet  of  the  skeleton. 

Near  the  skull  of  a skeleton  at  full  length  on  the  back  were  four  lanceheads 
of  chert  and  one  of  quartzite;  also  a mass  of  fossil  wood  about  4.5  inches  long, 
square  in  cross  section. 

With  certain  disconnected  bones  in  the  shell  layer  was  the  skull  of  a child 
near  which  were  two  pendants,  one  of  stone,  the  other  of  shell,  the  grooved  ends 
toward  the  skull. 

Near  the  skull  of  the  skeleton  of  a child,  lying  full  length  on  the  back,  were 
a pendant  of  shell  and  one  of  stone.  The  grooved  end  of  one  of  these  pendants 
lay  toward  the  skull,  while  the  corresponding  end  of  the  other  was  directed  oppo- 
sitely. Incidentally,  we  may  say  here  that  the  exact  position  of  pendants  in  rela- 
tion to  parts  of  the  human  skeleton  was  a matter  carefully  noted  by  us  during  our 
work  at  Crystal  River.  As  a rule,  when  pendants  were  not  ceremonial  deposits 
apart  from  human  remains,  or  were  not  scattered  as  a result  of  aboriginal  disturb- 
ance but  lay  immediately  associated  with  a skeleton,  the  grooved  end  of  the  pend- 
ant lay  nearest  the  bones.  Sometimes,  however,  the  grooved  end  was  directed 
outward.  This  variety  of  position,  we  think,  readily  can  be  accounted  for  by  call- 
ing to  mind  that  a suspended  ornament  hanging  taut  would  have  the  grooved  end, 
around  which  the  cord  was  placed,  directed  toward  the  point  of  suspension;  while, 
should  the  strain  be  removed,  as  would  be  the  case  were  the  skeleton  placed  in  a 
recumbent  position,  the  upper  ends  of  some  of  the  pendants  could  swing  outward. 

A skeleton  lying  at  full  length  on  its  back  had  a shell  drinking-cup  near  the 
pelvis,  and  under  the  right  knee  nine  marine  shells  ( Macrocallista  gigantea ),  the 
valves  tightly  closed,  and  pierced  for  suspension  at  points  below  the  muscular 
attachment. 

A skeleton  partly  Hexed  on  the  left  side  had  on  the  thorax  eight  chisels  and 
gouges,  three  made  from  the  axis  of  the  conch  and  five  from  its  body-whorl. 

A skeleton  at  full  length  had  near  the  skull  one  shell  pendant  and  one  of 
stone.  Over  the  shoulder  and  at  the  pelvis  were  fragments  of  mica.  A stone 
pendant  lay  below  the  shoulder.  On  the  thorax  was  part  of  a lancehead  of  cheit. 
Above  the  chest  were  two  pointed  implements  of  bone.  At  the  right  forearm  was 
a mass  of  green  material  kindly  identified  by  Dr.  George  P.  Merrill,  Head  Curator 
of  Geology,  United  States  National  Museum,  as  arenaceous  clay  colored  by  iron. 
Sand  dyed  with  hematite  lay  at  the  feet  of  the  skeleton. 

A noteworthy  fact  to  which  reference  has  hitherto  been  made  is  that  nearly 
all  objects  of  the  greatest  interest  found  in  the  entire  investigation  came  from  the 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 


425 


mound  proper.  In  fact,  in  comparison  with  the  yield  of  the  mound  proper,  nothing 
of  marked  interest  came  from  the  sloping  area  which  surrounded  it. 

The  mound  itself,  as  we  have  said,  differed  in  composition  from  the  sloping 
ground  in  that  the  mound  contained  much  less  shell  and  to  a large  extent  was  made 
up  of  clear  sand.  This  sand  continued  to  the  very  base  of  the  mound  on  the  gen- 
eral level  of  the  surrounding  surface,  so  that  it  seems  clear  that  the  mound  was 
built  first,  and  later  surrounded,  as  to  its  lower  part,  by  the  sloping  ground. 

We  know  that  when  the  mound  proper  was  built  a better  class  of  objects  was 
placed  with  the  dead.  Either  the  possessions  of  those  living  at  that  earlier  period 
were  of  a higher  grade  than  those  of  the  persons  who  later  built  the  cemetery 
around  the  mound,  or  else  the  makers  of  the  mound  proper  were  endowed  with  a 
greater  spirit  of  liberality  than  were  those  who  came  later. 

Before  leaving  Crystal  River,  six  trial-holes,  some  4 feet  by  4 feet,  some  4 feet 
by  5 feet,  were  made  in  the  southern  part  of  the  embankment  marked  C C on  the 
plan.  Two  skeletons  were  found,  and  one  small  pendant  of  limestone  was  met 
with  in  sand  thrown  out  from  one  of  the  excavations. 


54  JOUKN.  A.  N.  S.  PIIILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


MOUNDS  OF  THE  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER 

FLINT  RIVERS. 

By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

Chattahoochee  river,  having  its  source  in  northeastern  Georgia,  continues  in  a 
southwesterly  direction  until  it  reaches  the  middle  of  the  western  boundary  of  the 
State  at  Westpoint;  thence,  flowing  in  a southerly  direction,  it  forms  the  boundary 
between  parts  of  Georgia  and  of  Alabama  and,  later,  between  parts  of  Georgia  and 
of  Florida,  until  its  union  with  the  Flint  river  when,  as  the  Apalachicola  river,  it 
continues  in  a southerly  direction  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Flint  river  rises  approximately  in  the  central  part  of  Georgia  and  keeps  a 
southerly  and  southwesterly  course  to  its  junction  with  the  Chattahoochee. 

This  report  treats  of  the  aboriginal  remains  of  part  of  the  Chattahoochee  and 
of  part  of  the  Flint  rivers,  in  each  case  our  journey  being  northward  from  the 
junction  of  the  two  streams,  at  which  point  our  investigation  of  a previous  season 
had  come  to  an  end.1 

The  portion  of  the  Chattahoochee  covered  by  us  (see  map)  lies  between  River 
Junction,  Fla.,  and  the  city  of  Columbus,  Ga.,  a distance  of  161  miles  by  water; 
and  that  part  of  the  Flint  investigated  extends  from  the  Junction  to  Bainbridge, 
Ga.,  28  miles  up  the  stream, — in  each  case  our  work  being  continued  practically 
to  the  end  of  navigation. 

As  in  former  years,  two  agents,  one  of  whom  is  thoroughly  familiar  with 
mound  investigation,  were  sent  out  in  advance  of  us  thoroughly  to  cover  our  Held 
of  work  that  the  exact  situation  of  mounds  and  the  names  of  their  owners  might 
be  known  to  us,  previous  to  our  coming,  thus  saving  a great  expenditure  of  time. 

On  the  Chattahoochee  the  presence  of  burial  mounds  was  noted  by  us  as  far 
up  as  Columbia,  Ala.,  a distance  of  48  miles  by  water.  Thenceforward  mounds  of 
a domiciliary  character  only  were  met  with,  having  near  them,  doubtless,  cemeteries 
in  level  ground.  These  cemeteries,  however,  we  failed  to  find,  save  in  one  instance. 

It  is  interesting  to  note,  in  the  burial  mounds  of  the  lower  Chattahoochee,  the 
continuance  of  certain  customs  which  have  been  practised  in  the  mounds  of  the 
northwestern  Florida  coast  and  of  the  Apalachicola  river,  namely,  the  ceremonial 
deposit  of  earthenware  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound  for  the  dead  in  common, 
the  use  of  life-forms  in  earthenware,  excisions  in  the  body  of  vessels,  and  the 
mortuary  perforation  of  the  base. 

As  to  the  mounds  of  lower  Flint  river,  so  few  were  found  by  us  that  no 
definite  conclusion  can  be  reached. 

All  measurements  of  earthenware  vessels  herein  given  are  approximate  only, 
and  reduction  of  size  in  the  illustrations  is  linear. 

'See  “Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Apalachicola  River.” 

Phila.,  Vol.  XII. 


Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of 


428  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Dr.  M.  G.  Miller,  as  during  all  our  previous  archaeological  investigations,  had 
charge  of  the  anatomical  part  of  the  work  of  the  expedition  herein  described. 

The  warm  thanks  of  the  Academy  are  tendered  those  owners  of  mounds  on 
the  Chattahoochee  and  on  the  Flint  who  kindly  placed  their  mounds  at  its  disposal. 

Mounds  and  Sites  Investigated  on  Chattahoochee  River. 

Mound  near  Kemp’s  Landing,  Jackson  County,  Florida. 

Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Old  Ranibo  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Steammill  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Shoemake  Landing,  Early  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper  Landing,  Houston  County,  Alabama. 

Mound  below  Columbia,  Henry  County,  Alabama. 

Mounds  near  Purcell’s  Landing,  Henry  County,  Alabama  (4). 

Mound  near  Paulk’s  Landing,  Early  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Howard’s  Landing,  Early  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Colomokee  Landing,  Clay  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  at  Fort  Gaines,  Clay  County,  Georgia. 

Mounds  near  Starke’s  Clay  Landing,  Clay  County,  Georgia  (2). 

Mound  near  Georgetown,  Quitman  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  above  Eufaula,  Barbour  County,  Alabama. 

Mound  near  Upper  Francis  Landing,  Barbour  County,  Alabama. 

Mounds  near  Rood’s  Landing,  Stewart  County,  Georgia  (8). 

Dwelling  site  near  Hall's  Upper  Landing,  Chattahoochee  County,  Georgia. 
Mounds  near  Woolfolk’s  Landing,  Chattahoochee  County,  Georgia  (2). 

Mound  and  cemetery  at  Abercrombie  Landing,  Russell  County,  Alabama. 
Mound  at  Mound  Landing,  Muscogee  County,  Georgia. 

Mounds  and  Sites  Investigated  on  Flint  River. 

Mound  near  Log  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Munnerlyn’s  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Mound  near  Kerr’s  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 

Burial-place  on  the  Chason  Plantation,  Decatur  County,  Georgia. 


MOUNDS  AND  SITES  INVESTIGATED  ON  CHATTAHOOCHEE  RIVER. 
Mound  near  Kemp’s  Landing,  Jackson  County,  Fla. 

The  mound,  in  high  swamp,  dry  at  Ioav  stages  of  the  river,  on  property  of 
Mr.  M.  A.  Warren  of  DeFuniak  Springs,  Fla.,  lay  about  one  mile  in  a SSE.  direc- 
tion from  the  landing.  Its  height  was  about  4.5  feet;  its  basal  diameter,  33  feet. 
A broad  trench  had  been  dug  in  from  the  western  side  through  the  center  of  the 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


429 


mound,  previous  to  our  visit,  leaving,  however,  the  eastern  part  intact.  What  was 
left  of  the  mound  was  leveled  by  us. 

Human  remains  found  were  confined  to  a small  fragment  of  a skull. 

Almost  at  the  eastern  margin,  and  extending  to  the  northeast,  began  the  usual 
ceremonial  deposit  of  earthenware,  put  in  for  the  dead  in  common,  such  as  we  have 
fully  described  in  our  reports  on  the  mounds  of  the  northwestern  Florida  coast  and 
of  the  Apalachicola  river.  This  particular  deposit  presented  no  new  features.  It 
began  with  sherds  and  parts  of  vessels  and  continued  inward  a number  of  feet,  the 
latter  part  of  the  deposit  being  made  up  of  groups  of  two  or  three  vessels  placed 
together,  at  short  distances  apart.  Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  mound,  which  was 
of  clay,  no  vessel  was  recovered  entire,  though  a number  were  represented  by  a 
full  complement  of  parts.  There  was 
little  variety  of  form,  pots  and  bowls 
being  met  with  exclusively.  The  ware 
is  inferior.  Gritty  tempering  is  absent. 

Decoration,  when  present,  consists  of 
the  small  check-stamp ; the  complicated 
stamp,  faintly  impressed;  very  rude 
incised  line  decoration  in  two  instances 
in  sherds ; in  one  case  an  incised  deco- 
ration of  wavy  lines  and  punctate 
markings  as  shown  in  Fig.  1.  The  rim 
of  this  vessel,  which  has  been  slightly 
restored  in  places,  is  not  even,  but  rises 
and  is  depressed  in  the  manner  of  the 
decoration  beneath. 

All  vessels  from  this  mound  are 
small  or  of  medium  size,  and  all,  in- 
cluding those  represented  by  fragments, 
so  far  as  could  be  determined,  had  undergone  the  mortuary  perforation  of  the  base 
so  well  known  in  Florida  and  in  parts  of  Georgia  and  of  Alabama,  which  was  sup- 
posed to  “ kill  the  pot  and  thus  free  its  soul  to  accompany  the  souls  of  those  for 
whom  the  mound  was  built. 

Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing,  Decatur  Countv,  Ga. 

This  mound,  in  high  swamp,  about  a mile  and  a half  in  a southeasterly  direc- 
tion from  Hare's  Landing,  on  property  of  the  Stuart  Lumber  Company,  of  Brinson, 
Ga.,  had  a height  of  5 feet,  a basal  diameter  of  48  feet. 

The  mound,  seemingly  intact,  symmetrical,  circular  as  to  its  base,  was  com- 
posed of  sand  in  the  outer  parts  and  ol  sand  with  a considerable  admixture  of  clay 
farther  in.  With  the  exception  of  a comparatively  small  portion  of  the  outer 
western  part,  it  was  completely  leveled  by  us. 

Human  bones,  so  badly  decayed  that  at  times  minute  fragments  alone  remained, 
were  found  in  forty-three  places,  from  2 feet  below  the  surface  down  to  the  base. 


Ficr.  1. — Vessel  of  earthenware.  Mound  near  Kemp’s 
Landing.  (Diameter  5.7  inches.) 


430 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


In  several  instances  the  bunched  burial  was  indicated,  as  was  the  flexed  form  of 
burial — parts  of  one  at  least  showing  a close  flexion  of  a skeleton  lying  on  the  back. 

In  a number  of  cases  charcoal  lay  with  the  bones,  as  did  occasional  masses  of 
phosphate  rock.  Similar  masses  lay  here  and  there  in  the  mound,  not  closely 
associated  with  burials,  though  possibly  in  some  instances  accompanying  bones  had 
disappeared  through  decay. 

Two  feet  from  the  surface,  well  in  from  the  margin  but  not  occupying  a central 
place  in  the  mound,  were  the  remains  of  what  probably  had  been  a flexed  burial, 
below  which  was  a thin  layer  of  charcoal  extending  beyond  at  each  end.  Imme- 
diately above  the  bones,  for  the  full  length  of  the  burial,  were  masses  of  phosphate 
rock.  A similar  mass  lay  beside  the  skull. 

With  the  exception  of  several  bits  of  earthenware,  no  artifacts  accompanied 
the  bones  in  this  mound. 

Separately  in  the  soil  were  flakes  and  chips  of  chert;  decayed  fragments  of 
conch-shells ; several  pebbles  of  fair  size,  one  showing  marks  of  use ; a mass  of 
galena  (lead  sulphide)  about  the  size  of  a child’s  list,  showing  facets  on  all  sides 
but  one,  on  which  was  a slight  depression;  mica  in  two  places;  two  handsome 
‘‘celts”  of  hard  rock  not  found  in  Florida,  the  larger  12.25  inches  in  length. 

In  the  eastern  marginal  part  of  the  mound  were,  here  and  there,  a few  frag- 
ments of  pottery  together.  Thirteen  feet  in,  in  the  same  line  as  the  deposits  of 
fragments,  vessels  or  large  parts  of  vessels,  all  badly  crushed  with  but  few  excep- 
tions, were  encountered  together  in  twos  and  threes.  With  these  were  occasional 

decayed  fragments  of  shell 
drinking-cups. 

These  small  deposits  of 
vessels  of  shell  and  of  earth- 
enware continued  almost  to 
the  center  of  the  mound. 
The  vessels  of  earthenware 
and  large  parts  of  vessels, 
nearly  all  of  inferior  ware, 
and  all,  so  far  as  could  be 
determined,  having  the  usual 
b as  al  pe  rforation , nil  m be  re  d 
twenty-eight  in  the  aggre- 


Fig.  2. — Vessel  Xo.  2.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing 


(Diameter  7.1  inches. 


•rate.  The  decoration  con- 
sists  variously  of  a uniform  coat  of  red  paint;  incised  work  on  several  occasions; 
the  small  check-stamp  ; the  complicated  stamp  faintly  and  carelessly  impressed  ; 
punctate  markings. 

We  shall  describe  in  detail  vessels  showing  any  features  of  interest,  omitting 
the  great  majority  which  consists  of  pots  and  bowls,  either  plain  or  bearing  com- 
monplace decoration. 

Vessel  No.  2. — A bowl  with  punctate  decoration  shown  in  Fig.  2. 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


431 


Vessel  No.  3. — This  beautiful  vase  of  eccentric  form,  graceful  outline,  and 
excellent  ware,  bears  a coating  of  red  paint  (Fig.  3).  In  addition,  there  is  a well- 
executed  incised  decoration  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  4.  This  vessel  has  a 
double  base — the  bodj^  proper  having  one,  and  the  extension  below  it  having 
another.  Both  have  the 
usual  mortuary  perforation. 

Vessel  No.  4. — An 
effigy  vessel  about  1 2 inches 
in  height,  showing  the 
human  form,  found  in 
many  fragments,  but  since 
joined  together.  Unfortu- 
nately the  nose  is  missing. 

The  figure  is  carelessly 
made  and  is  distinctly  in- 
ferior to  similar  vessels 
from  the  northweste r n 
Florida  coast. 

Vessel  No.  6. — A ves- 
sel of  yellow  ware,  with 
ovoid  body  (Fig.  5),  bearing 
a rather  carelessly  made 
punctate  and  incised  deco- 
ration shown  in  diagram, 

Fig.  6. 

Vessel  No.  7. — This 
interesting  vessel  (Fig.  7), 
belonging  to  the  ceremonial 

o O 

mortuary  class,  with  exci- 
sions in  the  body  (a  variety 
first  made  known  by  us  in 
our  reports  of  the  mounds 
of  the  northwestern  Florida 
coast  and  of  the  Apalachi- 
cola river),  was  found  in 
fragments  which  have  since 
b e e n cemented  together, 

With  slight  restd  atlOll  111-  Fig.  3. — Vessel  No.  3.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Height  7.5  inches.) 

volving  no  important  part. 

The  base  is  missing.  The  ware,  porous  and  generally  inferior,  as  is  usually  the 
case  with  vessels  made  expressly  for  interment  with  the  dead,  is  decorated  with 
red  paint.  On  one  side  is  a handle  or  decoration  consisting  of  the  head  of  a long- 
billed water-bird. 


432 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


The  discovery  of  this  type  of  vessel  in  this  mound  marks,  we  believe,  its 

northernmost  occurrence  thus  far  re- 


Fig.  5. — Vessel  No.  6.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing. 
(Height  6.5  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  8. — Another  ceremo- 
nial vessel,  with  open-work  decoration, 
consisting  in  part  of  two  excised  leg- 
symbols  on  two  opposite  sides,  bears  a 
projecting  head  of  a quadruped.  There 
are  traces  of  red  pigment  on  the  outer 
surface  of  this  vessel  (Fig.  8). 

Vessel  No.  0. — A ceremonial, 
mortuary  vessel  (Fig.  9)  bearing  slight 
traces  of  crimson  pigment  on  the  out- 
side. Excised  feather-symbols,  up- 
right and  horizontal,  surround  the 
vessel,  though  no  bird-head  appears 
on  the  rim.  A small  part  of  this  rim, 
not  recovered  by  us  with  the  rest  of 
the  vessel,  may  possibly  be  thought  to 
have  supported  a plastic  model  of  a 
bird’s  head,  though  we  deem  this  most 


Fig.  6. — Vessel  No.  6.  Decoratiou.  (About  one-tbird  size.) 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS 


433 


Fig.  7. — Vessel  Xo.  7.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Height  11.9  inches.) 


55  JOUKN.  A.  N.  S.  PIIILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


434  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 

unlikely,  as  the  missing  part  of  the  rim  is  small,  and  surrounding  parts  show  no 
thickening  for  the  support  of  the  head  as  almost  certainly  they  would  do  had  a 
head  been  present.  Moreover,  the  feather-symbol  (like  others)  is  often  used 
independently  in  decoration. 


Fig.  8. — Vessel  No.  8.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Height  10.4  inches.) 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS.  435 

Vessel  No.  10. — A graceful,  mortuary  vessel  (Fig.  10)  of  the  ceremonial  class, 
with  open-work  decoration  showing  the  feather-symbol,  and  having  remnants  of 
crimson  paint  on  the  outside.  On  one  side  of  the  opening  the  neck  and  head  of  a 
bird,  from  which  the  bill  is  missing,  project  upward. 

The  four  ceremonial  vessels  from  this  mound,  all  of  which  were  found  in  frag- 
ments, have  in  each  case  a hole  knocked  in  the  base  and  not  made  there  previous 
to  the  firing  of  the  clay,  as  is  often  the  case  with  ceremonial  vessels  of  this  class. 


Fig.  9. — Vessel  No.  9.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Height  7 inches.) 

Vessel  No.  15. — Oblate-spheroidal  in  shape,  found  in  fragments  since  joined 
together,  having  a low,  upright  rim.  The  decoration  consists  of  a coating  of  red 
paint,  inside  and  out. 

Vessel  No.  18. — This  perforate  vessel,  shown  in  Fig.  11,  of  excellent  yellow 
ware,  has  for  decoration  below  the  rim  a band  of  punctate  markings. 

Vessel  No.  2/. — An  imperforate  vessel  (Fig.  12)  of  good  ware,  found  in  frag- 
ments but  since  repaired.  A deep  depression  around  a central  boss  on  each  of  the 
two  longer  sides  is  the  only  decoration.  There  are  two  perforations  on  one  side 
slightly  below  the  rim. 


436 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS 


Fig.  10. — Vessel  No.  10.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Height  13  inches.) 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


437 


In  one  vessel  from  this  mound  was  a small  sheet  of  mica;  in  another  was  part 
of  a cannon-bone  of  a deer. 

Mound  near  Old  Rambo  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

In  a cultivated  field  on  a plantation  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Dickenson,  of  Donalsonville, 
Ga.,  is  a mound  about  one-half  mile  in  a NNE.  direction  from  Old  Rambo  Landing. 
Correct  measurements  of  this  mound  were  difficult  to  obtain.  Not  only  is  the 
mound  on  a decided  slope,  but  its  lower  parts  at  least  have  long  been  under  culti- 
vation and  are  much  spread  in  consequence.  A diameter  of  65  feet  for  the  roughly 
circular  base,  and  a height  of  6 feet  for  the  mound  are  the  approximate  dimen- 
sions. There  had  been  previous  digging  to  a limited  extent.  Considerable  inves- 


ing.  (Height  4.8  inches.)  Fig.  12. — Vessel  No.  27.  Mound  below  Hare’s  Landing.  (Length  6.4  inches.) 

tigation  on  our  part  indicated  that  the  mound,  which  was  of  sandy  clay,  had  been 
made  for  domiciliary  purposes. 

Mound  near  Steam  mill  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

Three-quarters  of  a mile  below  Steammill  Landing,  and  about  100  yards  from 
the  bank,  on  another  plantation  belonging  to  Mr.  Dickenson,  is  a low  and  much- 
spread  mound  of  clay  in  a cultivated  field.  No  success  rewarded  our  digging  in 
this  mound. 

Mound  near  Shoe.make  Landing,  Early  County,  Ga. 

In  a cultivated  field,  belonging  to  the  plantation  of  Mrs.  Blanche  Chancy,  of 
Jakin,  Ga.,  about  one  mile  in  a northerly  direction  from  Shoemake  Landing,  was  a 
mound  about  2 feet  high  and  45  feet  across  its  circular  base,  at  the  time  of  our 
visit.  The  mound,  of  sand,  had  been  long  plowed  over,  and  probably  considerably 
reduced  in  height.  It  had  been  dug  into  to  a great  extent  previous  to  our  visit, 


438 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


including  a trench  across  from  west  to  east  and  a central  excavation  more  than  15 
feet  in  diameter. 

While  we  were  well  aware  that  little  but  gleanings  could  await  our  search, 
we  practically  dug  the  mound  through  a second  time,  finding  in  some  small,  undis- 
turbed parts  a few  fragments  of  decaying  human  hones. 

Evidently  there  had  been  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound  the  customary 
ceremonial  deposit  made  for  the  dead  in  common,  inasmuch  as  many  sherds,  and 

large  fragments  of  vessels  which 
had  been  broken  presumably  by 
the  previous  digger,  were  found 
in  disturbed  sand.  The  ware, 
which  ranges  from  ordinary  to 
excellent,  when  decorated,  bears  : 
the  small  check-stamp;  the  com- 
plicated stamp,  one  variety  being 
shown  in  Fig.  13;  rude  punctate 
decoration  ; incised  parallel  lines  ; 
incised  decoration  of  complicated 
design,  superior  in  every  way. 

Lying  on  its  side,  so  that  pre- 
vious digging  had  passed  above  it, 
was  an  interesting  vessel  about 
11  inches  in  height,  and  with  a 
maximum  diameter  of  8.3  inches, 
representing  an  owl  (Figs.  14,  15).  The  head,  incised  and  in  relief,  has  the  beak 
missing  through  former  breakage.  The  wings  are  incised,  as  is  the  tail,  on  each 
side  of  which  is  the  leg-symbol  so  well  known  on  the  western  coast  of  Florida  and 
elsewhere.  The  feathers  are  represented  by  punctate  markings  as  hair  sometimes 
is  indicated  in  early  Egyptian  art.1  The  entire  decoration  on  this  interesting  ves- 
sel is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  16.  It  has  not  been  found  possible  to  draw 
the  decoration  exactly  to  scale  and  to  preserve  the  resemblance  to  the  original  at 
the  same  time  ; consequently  the  periphery  of  the  field  has  been  somewhat  enlarged. 

The  b ase  of  this  vessel  has  been  knocked  out,  and  many  scattered  fragments 
of  earthenware  from  the  mound  indicated  a mutilation  of  other  vessels. 

Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper  Landing,  Houston  County,  Ala. 

This  mound,  apparently  untouched  previous  to  our  investigation,  with  the 
exception  of  a small  hole  in  the  center  and  a certain  leveling  due  to  recent  cultiva- 
tion, was  in  the  southern  end  of  a large  corn-field,  about  a mile  and  a half  in  a 
SSW.  direction  from  Fullmore’s  Upper  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  Coy  Thompson, 
of  Columbia,  Ala. 

The  mound,  which  was  completely  demolished  by  us,  had  an  average  height 

1 Jean  Capart,  “Primitive  Art  in  Egypt,”  Figs.  128,  129. 


Fig.  13. — Sherd.  Mound  near  Shoemake  Landing.  (Half  size 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


439 


of  about  3 feet,  but  being  on  the  side  of  a natural  slope  its  height  varied  decidedly 
according  to  the  side  whence  the  measurement  was  taken. 

In  a number  of  places  in  the  mound  were  a few  fragments  of  decaying  human 
bones,  but  insufficient  in  form  and  quantity  to  indicate  the  character  of  burial.  With 


Fig.  14. — Vessel  of  earthenware.  Mound  near  Shoemake  Landing.  (Height  11  inches.) 


440 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Fig.  15. — Vessel  of  earthenware.  Side  view.  Mound  near  Shoemake  Lauding.  (Height  11  inches.) 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS 


441 


Fig.  16. — Decoration  on  vessel.  Mound  near  Shoeraake  Landing.  (About  half  size.) 


56  JOURiL  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


Ill 


442 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


the  bones  were  fragments  of  decomposed  chert,1  some  about  the  size  of  the  human 

head,  some  somewhat  larger, 
others  smaller.  The  number 
of  these  masses  with  what  had 
been  a single  burial  ranged 
from  one  to  four.  Numerous 
other  masses  of  this  stone  were 
present  in  the  mound,  perhaps 
marking  places  where  burials 
had  wholly  decayed. 

Beginning  at  the  eastern 
margin  of  the  mound  and 
continuing  well  toward  the 
center,  was  the  usual  deposit 
of  earthenware  consisting  of: 
scattered  sherds ; fragments  of 
parts  of  vessels,  placed  to- 
gether; vessels  in  fragments; 
considerable  parts  of  vessels ; 
and  a few  entire  ones. 

The  decoration  presented 
no  new  features.  When  the 
incised  variety  was  present  it 
was  inferior  to  the  best  met 
with  on  the  Chattahoochee. 

Excluding  the  most  ordi- 


FlG.  1! 


-Vessel  No.  1.  Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper  Landing 
(Height  7.5  inches.) 


nary  types  present  in  the  mound,  we 
shall  describe  the  others  in  detail. 

Vessel  No.  1. — A vessel  of  com- 
pact, yellow  ware  with  decoration  of 
incised,  encircling  lines,  cross-hatch, 
and  punctate  marking,  shown  in  Fig. 
17.  A part  of  the  vessel,  missing 
through  early  breakage,  has  been 
restored. 

Vessel  No.  2. — A vessel  of  good, 
yellow  ware  (Fig.  18).  The  base, 
which  is  missing,  was  almost  tiat. 
The  incised  and  punctate  decoration 
is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  19. 

Vessel  No.  3. — Almost  ovoid  in 
shape,  decorated  inside  and  out  with 
a uniform  coating  of  red  pigment.  In 
addition,  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel 

1 Kindly  identified  by  Dr.  George  P.  Merri 
Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Fig.  18. — Vessel  No.  2.  Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper 
Landing.  (Height  4.3  inches.) 

, Head  Curator  of  Geology,  United  States  National 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


443 


bears  evenly  distributed,  punctate  markings.  Parts  of  this  vessel,  missing  when 
the  rest  were  found,  have  been  restored. 


Vessel  No.  4. — A vessel  of  rather  coarse,  yellow  ware,  having  a hemispherical 


body  and  a long,  upright,  cylindri- 
cal neck  (Fig.  20),  around  which  is 
an  interesting  incised  and  punctate 
decoration  shown  diagram matically 
in  Fig.  21 . 

Vessel  No.  5. — An  almost  cylin- 
drical vessel  found  in  fragments, 
with  certain  parts  missing.  This 
vessel,  which  has  been  put  together 
with  some  restoration  (Fig.  22), 
bears  an  incised  and  punctate  deco- 
ration with  portions  of  the  field 
covered  with  red  pigment.  This 
decoration,  shown  in  diagram  in 
Fig.  23,  where  the  red  is  repre- 
sented by  stipple,  is  once  repeated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  vessel. 

Vessel  No.  6. — A bowl  of  yel- 
low ware,  bearing  incised  decoration 
on  a punctate  field,  the  design  being 
five  times  repeated  (Fig.  24). 

Vessel  No.  7. — An  imperforate 
vessel  having  five  circular  compart- 
ments, four  being  on  one  plane,  the 
fifth  rising  above  them  centrally. 
The  decoration  consists  of  red 


Fig.  20. — Vessel  No.  4.  Mound  uear  Fullmore's  Upper 
Landing.  (Height  9.3  inches.) 


444 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


pigment  inside  and  out  on  the  central  compartment,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  four 
lower  compartments,  which  are  smaller. 


Fig.  21. — Vessel  No.  4 Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 


Vessels  of  this  class,  of  course 
varying  in  detail,  have  been  found  by 
us  in  Florida  along  the  northwestern 
coast  from  St.  Andrews  Bay  to  Cedar 
Keys;  on  lower  St.  Johns  river;  and 
on  Apalachicola  river.  We  have 
vainly  sought  to  determine  the  use  to 
which  these  vessels  have  been  put. 
Their  form  might  suggest  receptacles 
for  various  pigments,  but  never  have 
we  found  a deposit  of  paint  remaining 
in  a vessel  of  this  class.1 

All  vessels  in  the  mound,  so  far 
as  noted,  with  the  exception  of  the 
compartment  vessel,  had  the  usual 
mortuary  perforation. 

With  the  exception  of  the  earth- 
enware^ deposit,  no  artifacts  were  met 
with  in  the  mound. 

Mound  below  Columbia,  Ala. 

On  the  same  side  of  the  river  and 
in  full  view  from  the  water,  is  a mound 
about  a mile  and  a half  below  Colum- 
bia, on  property  of  Mr.  W.  L.  Craw- 
ford, of  that  place.  The  mound,  evi- 

Fig.  22.  -Vessel  No.  5.  Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper  rbmtlv  built  for  domicilinrv  DlirnosPS 

Landing.  (Height  10  inches.)  ueilbiy  OUL1L  iOl  uunnoiildiy  puiposes, 

1 Mr.  F.  tv.  Hodge,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  also  for  careful  literary  revision  of  these  papers, 
has  contributed  the  following  note: 

“ The  Pueblo  Indians  make  and  use  such  as  condiment  vessels.  They  generally  have  two  compart- 
ments— one  for  salt  and  one  for  chile — but  there  are  cups  with  several  such  compartments.  Similar 
vessels  are  used  of  course  for  paints  of  different  colors.” 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS.  445 


has  a height  of  8.5  feet  above  the  level  of  the  field  behind  it.  On  the  river  side  it 
rises  in  line  with  the  bluff.  Its  general  symmetry  has  been  somewhat  impaired  by 
wash  of  water  in  flood-time,  though  it  still  presents  an  impressive  appearance.  Its 


Fig.  23. — Vessel  No.  5.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


length  of  base,  N.  by  W.  and 
S.  by  E.,  parallel  with  the 
river,  is  138  feet.  Its  present 
width  varies  owing  to  wash  of 
water  in  the  past.  Its  base  is 
57  feet  across  at  the  northern 
end  ; 68  feet  at  the  center  ; and 
88  feet  across  the  southern 
end.  The  summit  plateau  is 
93  feet  in  length.  Its  width 
at  the  northern  end,  the 
middle,  and  the  southern  end, 
is,  respectively,  23  feet,  34 
feet,  and  54  feet. 


Fig.  24. — Vessel  No.  6.  Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper  Lauding. 
(Diameter  4.9  inches.) 


446 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


As  domiciliary  mounds  (of  which  class  we  judge  this  mound  to  have  been) 
at  times  contain  superficial  burials,  a number  of  trial-holes  were  dug  in  the  summit 
plateau  of  this  mound,  with  but  negative  results. 

Mounds  near  Purcell’s  Landing,  Henry  County,  Ala.  (4). 

On  the  river  bank,  about  one-half  mile  N.  by  W.  from  Purcell’s  Landing;,  on 
the  plantation  of  Mr.  Harrison  Purcell,  of  Columbia,  on  which  also  are  the  three 
mounds  subsequently  to  be  described,  is  a remnant  of  a mound,  parts  of  the  mound 
having  been  washed  away  in  time  of  freshet.  Considerable  digging  showed  this 
remnant  to  be  partly  of  clay  and  partly  of  sandy  clay,  in  which  Avere  numerous 
masses  of  rock.  No  artifacts  or  bones  were  discovered. 

About  one  mile  westwardly  from  Purcell’s  Landing,  in  a corn-field,  is  what  is 
left  of  a mound  which  has  almost  disappeared  under  cultivation.  Trial-holes  pro- 
duced no  material  result. 

In  a field  which  has  been  under  cultivation,  but  now  lies  fallow,  about  one- 
quarter  mile  NNE.  from  the  preceding  mound,  is  another,  much  spread  by  the  plow 
in  former  times.  Its  present  height  is  about  2 feet.  Trial-holes  gave  only  negative 
result. 

In  woods,  about  one-half  mile  eastwardly  from  the  mound  just  described  is  a 
rise  in  the  ground  hardly  distinguishable  above  the  general  level,  which  was  mostly 
dug  away  by  us.  No  bones  were  encountered,  but  in  the  eastern  margin  where, 
doubtless,  a burial  had  been,  Avere  several  large  fragments  of  pottery  and  tAvo  bowls 
of  moderate  size,  one  having  a decoration  of  red  paint,  the  other,  punctate  marking 
beloAV  the  rim.  Each  had  the  customary  mortuary  perforation  of  the  base. 

Mound  near  Paulk’s  Landing,  Early  County,  Ga. 

This  mound  was  reported  to  us  by  our  agent  as  being  200  yards  from  the 
river’s  bank  and  one-quarter  mile  in  a NE.  direction  from  the  landing.  The  diam- 
eter was  given  as  80  feet;  the  height,  as  5 feet. 

The  mound  Avas  not  visited  by  us,  as  the  owner  put  a high  price  on  the  privi- 
lege to  dig  it — a proceeding  in  marked  contrast  to  that  of  most  mound-owners  with 
whom  Ave  have  had  to  deal. 

Mound  near  Howard’s  Landing,  Early  County,  Ga. 

This  mound,  in  a cultivated  field,  about  one-quarter  mile  NE.  from  HoAvard’s 
Landing,  seems  to  be  largely  of  clay.  Its  height  is  about  3 feet;  its  basal  diameter, 
75  feet  approximately.  In  appearance,  the  mound  greatly  resembles  a class  of  flat, 
circular,  domiciliary  mounds  found  on  the  Chattahoochee  river  and  elsewhere.  We 
did  not  deem  it  worth  our  Avhile  to  offer  any  inducement  to  the  owner,  Avho  seemed 
to  be  courting  a pecuniary  oiler  before  permitting  investigation. 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


447 


Mound  near  Colomokee  Creek,  Clay  County,  Ga. 

This  mound,  on  the  river  bank,  about  1 50  yards  above  Colomokee  creek,  had 
been  greatly  spread  by  cultivation.  Its  height  is  about  4 feet;  its  diameter,  about 
80  feet.  The  mound,  which  had  been  courteously  placed  at  our  disposal  by  its 
owner,  Mr.  J.  C.  Neves,  of  Fort  Gaines,  Ga.,  had  many  trial-holes  dug  into  it  by 
us,  showing  it  to  be  mainly  of  red  clay,  and  apparently  a former  dwelling  site. 

Mound  at  Fort  Gaines,  Ga. 

This  mound,  about  3.5  feet  high  and  90  feet  across  its  circular  base,  is  in  the 
modern  cemetery  belonging  to  the  town  of  Fort  Gaines.  Permission  to  dig  it  was 
granted  us  in  a former  season  by  Mr.  J.  Eugene  Peterson,  Acting  Mayor  of  Fort 
Gaines,  but  the  river  at  that  time  not  being  suitable  for  our  steamer,  our  plans  did 
not  materialize.  At  the  time  of  our  visit,  the  permission  given  by  Mr.  Peterson 
was  renewed  by  Mr.  W.  A.  McAllister,  Mayor  of  Fort  Gaines,  and  by  Mr.  J.  E. 
Paullin,  President  of  the  Cemetery  Committee,  all  of  whom  expressed  their  will- 
ingness to  permit  the  removal  of  a summer-house  situated  on  the  mound,  should 
we  find  it  necessary  to  do  so. 

A number  of  trial-holes,  however,  in  many  parts  of  the  mound,  showed  it  to 
be  domiciliary  in  character. 

Mounds  near  Stark’s  Clay  Landing,  Clay  Countv,  Ga.  (2). 

About  one  mile  in  an  easterly  direction  from  Stark's  Clay  Landing,  in  a cot- 
ton-held forming  part  of  the  plantation  of  Dr.  J.  T.  Mandeville,  of  Fort  Gaines,  is 
a conical  mound  of  sandy  clay,  the  symmetry  of  which  has  been  but  little  impaired 
by  the  spiral  furrows  left  by  cultivation.  Rising  from  the  level  held,  the  mound, 
126  feet  in  basal  diameter  and  18  feet  in  height,  is  a conspicuous  object. 

Previous  to  our  visit  a trench  12  feet  wide,  beginning  part  way  up  on  the 
western  side  of  the  mound,  had  been  carried  in  23  feet,  where  it  broadened  into  an 
oblong  excavation  18  feet  long  by  15  feet  wide.  As  much  of  the  material  had 
been  thrown  back  by  the  diggers,  the  original  depth  of  the  trench  could  not  be 
determined,  but  it  must  have  been  considerable. 

Many  trial-holes  made  by  us,  and  considerable  work  in  the  former  excavation, 
yielded  neither  bone  nor  artifact.  No  history  was  forthcoming  as  to  am  discover \ 
made  by  former  diggers.  Presumably  the  mound  was  made  for  purposes  other  than 
that  of  burial. 

A short  quarter  of  a mile  in  a southeasterly  direction  from  the  mound  just 
described  is  another,  evidently  domiciliary.  This  mound,  on  a slope,  varies  as  to 
height.  Probably  9.5  feet,  the  measurement  as  taken  from  the  south,  would  be  a 
fair  average.  The  length  of  base  is  230  feet,  almost  east  and  west;  the  width  is 
110  feet.  The  summit  plateau  is  146  feet  by  74  feet.  A number  of  trial-holes 
produced  no  material  result. 


448  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Mound  near  Georgetown,  Quitman  County,  Ga. 

This  mound,  about  a mile  and  a half  in  a southerly  direction  from  George- 
town, in  a cotton-field  on  the  plantation  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Green,  of  Gay,  Fla.,  lias 
been  under  cultivation  for  years  and  is  greatly  reduced  in  height.  Its  present 
altitude  is  5 feet  4 inches;  the  diameter  of  its  circular  base,  100  feet.  The  surface 
is  covered  with  camp-site  debris,  consisting  of  bits  of  pottery,  flakes  of  chert,  and 
the  like.  Although  the  mound  had  been  long  under  cultivation,  and,  in  addition, 
an  upper  portion  had  been  carted  away,  it  is  said,  we  could  learn  from  those  in 
charge  of  no  discovery  of  artifacts  or  bones.  Trial-holes  sunk  by  us  were  without 
result. 

Mound  above  Eufaula,  Barbour  County,  Ala. 

About  two  miles  above  Eufaula,  in  view  from  the  river,  remains  about  half  of 
what  had  been  an  oblong  mound  of  red  clay,  with  a flat  summit  plateau,  the  other 
part  having  been  washed  away  during  periods  of  high  water.  This  mound,  on 
property  of  Mr.  H.  Lampley,  of  Eufaula,  was  evidently  domiciliary,  as  is  indicated 
by  its  shape  and  by  the  negative  result  of  a number  of  trial-holes  dug  by  us. 


Mound  near  Upper  Francis  Landing,  Barbour  County,  Ala. 

This  mound,  near  the  northern  side  of  Williams  Lake,  about  one-half  mile 
from  Upper  Francis  Landing,  was  visited  by  our  agent  in  advance  of  our  coming. 
Its  height  is  reported  to  be  13  feet;  its  basal  diameter,  about  100  feet.  The  mound 
was  not  investigated  by  us  as  the  owner  refused  permission,  though  much  influence 
was  brought  to  bear. 

Mounds  near  Rood’s  Landing,  Stewart  County,  Ga. 

On  the  Rood  plantation,  about  a mile  and  a half  in  from  Rood’s  Landing,  is  a 
group  of  eight  mounds,  to  some  extent  calling  to  mind  the  great  earthworks  at 
Moundville,  Ala.,  though  the  mounds  at  Rood’s  Landing  are  much  smaller,  as  a 
rule,  and  the  circle  around  a central  mound  is  incomplete,  there  being  no  mounds 
on  the  southern  side,  where  a creek  passes  through  the.  property. 

These  mounds,  of  the  ordinary  domiciliary  variety,  oblong,  with  summit 
plateaus,  ranged  between  estimated  heights  of  7 feet  and  20  feet,  which  latter  is 
believed  to  be  the  altitude  of  the  central  mound. 

Though  the  place  has  long  been  under  cultivation,  there  is  no  history  of  the 
finding  of  artifacts,  in  which  respect  it  greatly  differs  from  the  territory  around 
Moundville,  where  for  years  objects  of  interest  have  been  unearthed. 

The  owners  of  this  plantation  not  only  refused  permission  to  dig  even  to  the 
smallest  extent,  but  practically  declined  to  allow  a survey,  by  prohibiting  the 
cutting  of  branches  of  trees,  without  which  proceeding  lines  could  not  be  run  ; 
consequently  we  were  unable  to  make  an  investigation  of  this  interesting  locality. 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


449 


Dwelling  Site  near  Hall’s  Upper  Landing,  Chattahoochee  County,  Ga. 

About  one-eighth  of  a mile  in  an  easterly  direction  from  Hall’s  Upper  Land- 
ing, on  the  property  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Bradley,  of  Columbus,  Ga.,  is  a large,  cultivated 
held,  thickly  strewn  with  signs  of  aboriginal  occupancy,  including  very  many 
pebbles  and  parts  of  pebbles;  occasional  chips  of  chert;  fragments  of  pottery  of 
excellent  ware,  as  a rule,  but  undecorated,  with  the  exception  of  the  use  of  green 
paint  in  one  instance  and  of  red  pigment  in  another;  bits  of  glass;  many  parts  of 
clay  trade-pipes  made  for  barter  with  later  Indians;  part  of  what  had  been  a well- 
made  pipe  of  soapstone;  strips  of  brass;  a triangular  object  of  sheet-brass,  probably 
an  arrowhead  ; a silver  button,  etc. 

Although  no  doubt  a cemetery  is  present  in  some  part  of  this  property,  care- 
ful sounding  with  iron  rods  failed  to  locate  it. 

Mounds  near  Woolfolk’s  Landing,  Chattahoochee  County,  Ga.  (2). 

About  one  mile  ESE.  from  Woolfolk’s  Landing,  on  the  plantation  of  Mr.  B.  T. 
Hatcher,  of  Fort  Mitchell,  Ala.,  are  two  small  mounds  closely  associated,  almost 
leveled  by  long-continued  cultivation.  Many  trial-holes  were  without  result. 

Mound  and  Cemetery  at  Abercrombie  Landing,  Russell  County,  Ala. 

About  50  yards  from  the  river’s  bank,  at  Abercrombie  Landing,  on  the  planta- 
tion of  Mrs.  M ary  D.  Hall,  ol  Atlanta,  Ga.,  is  a mound  14  feet  high,  irregular  in 
basal  outline,  presumably  owing  to  cultivation  of  the  surrounding  area.  Its  diam- 
eters of  base  are  85  feet  and  95  feet.  Considerable  digging  failed  to  show  the 
mound  to  be  other  than  what  it  seemed  to  be,  namely,  a domiciliary  mound. 

Over  the  surface  of  the  field  surrounding  the  mound,  debris  from  aboriginal 
occupancy  was  more  thickly  scattered  than  we  recall  having  seen  in  anv  former 
experience.  In  addition  to  the  usual  pebbles  and  fragments  of  pebbles,  we  gath- 
ered a neatly-made  little  “ celt ; ” part  of  a small  stone  pendant ; bits  of  brass;  a 
knuckle-bone  of  a deer ; several  discoidal  stones  shaped  from  pebbles ; discs  made 
from  fragments  of  earthenware,  etc.  There  were  almost  innumerable  fragments  of 
pottery,  many  of  excellent  shell-tempered  ware,  some  of  which  was  black.  Some 
of  the  sherds  bear  incised  decoration  wrought  with  a rather  broad  point,  but  the 
designs  are  neither  new  nor  especially  striking. 

In  the  level  ground  around  the  mound  is  a cemetery  in  which  we  found,  from 
1 to  2 feet  in  depth,  skeletons,  some  loosely  flexed,  some  lying  at  full  length  on  the 
back.  There  were  also  aboriginal  disturbances  where  the  bones  of  a skeleton  had 
been  disarranged  by  a burial  made  at  a later  period. 

The  individuals  whose  skeletons  were  found  by  us  evidently  had  experienced 
the  advantage,  or  disadvantage,  of  contact  with  Europeans,  as  many  of  the  artifacts 
buried  with  them  clearly  proved. 

One  skeleton  had  glass  beads  at  the  neck,  and  a bit  of  sheet-brass  and  a lump 
of  hematite  nearby;  a steel  or  iron  blade  of  a large  knife  on  the  body  ; a broad 

57  JOURN.  a.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


450 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


chisel  of  iron  or  of  steel  on  the  pelvis : and  an  iron  or  steel  axe  a little  to  one  side 
of  the  body. 

Another  skeleton  at  full  length  on  the  back  had  shell  beads  around  the  neck, 
which,  probably,  when  strung,  supported  a disc  of  sheet-copper,  4 inches  in  diame- 
ter, having  a central  hole,  and  two  perforations  for  suspension  near  the  rim,  which 
lay  nearby.  At  an  ankle  and  a wrist  of  this  skeleton  wrere  a few  shell  beads.  In 
the  clay  thrown  out  from  the  grave  were  two  triangular  sheet-brass  pendants,  and 
an  annular  ornament  of  the  same  material,  2 inches  in  diameter,  and  bavins;  an 
intervening  space  where  the  metal  had  broken  between  two  perforations  for 
suspension. 

Another  skeleton  had  a large  number  of  small  sea-shells  ( Marginella  apiana)1 
pierced  for  suspension  as  beads. 

Above  the  skull  of  a skeleton  was  a small  slab  of  stone,2  rounded  to  some 
extent,  and  four  piercing  implements  of  bone,  three  of  which  had  the  articular 
processes  remaining.  Below  the  skull  was  a triangular  slab  of  stone  and  a large 
mussel-shell. 

Near  a skeleton  was  an  earthenware  pipe  of  ordinary  form,  undecorated  and 
of  most  inferior  ware. 

Realizing  that  we  had  to  do  with  burials  of  comparatively  late  Indians,  wre 
did  not  push  the  investigation  of  this  place  to  the  extent  we  would  have  done  had 
the  cemetery  been  of  an  earlier  period.  The  mound  we  believe  to  antedate  the 
post-Columbian  burials  near  it. 

Mound  at  Mound  Landing,  Muscogee  County,  Ga. 

On  property  of  Mr.  J.  Kyle,  of  Willet,  Ga.,  in  full  view  from  the  river,  is  the 
remnant  of  a mound  which  repeated  Hoods  have  largely  washed  away.  No  investi- 
gation was  attempted  by  us  at  this  place,  though  the  mound  was  courteously  put 
at  our  disposal  by  the  owner. 


MOUNDS  AND  SITES  INVESTIGATED  ON  FLINT  RIVER. 

Mound  near  Log  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

In  high  swamp,  dry  in  low  stages  of  the  river,  about  one  mile  in  a N.  by  E. 
direction  from  a log  landing  on  the  east  side  of  Flint  river,  one  mile  approximately 
above  its  union  with  the  Chattahoochee,  is  a mound  on  property  of  Mr.  L.  B. 
Edwards,  of  Chattahoochee,  Fla. 

1 Kindly  identified  by  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

2 As  this  object  seems  to  be  of  small  importance,  we  have  not  had  the  stone  exactly  determined. 
Incidentally,  we  may  say  that  exact  determination  of  many  rocks  demands  chemical  analysis  and  the 
making  of  slides  for  microscopic  examination.  Even  then,  exact  determination  is  not  always  arrived 
at.  Determination  by  inspection  alone  is  a snare.  We  once  submitted  to  a well-known  expert  dealer 
twelve  “celts,”  each  marked  with  a number,  and  carefully  registered  the  determinations,  all  which  were 
based  on  inspection  only.  Later,  the  identical  twelve  “celts”  were  resubmitted  to  the  same  expert  who 
believed  them  to  be  a different  lot.  The  determinations  of  but  four  coincided  with  those  previously 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


451 


The  mound,  of  sandy  clay,  about  3.5  feet  in  height  and  50  feet  across  its  cir- 
cular base,  was  dug  by  us  to  a width  of  from  3 to  4 feet  around  its  marginal  part. 
In  addition,  thirteen  trial-holes  were  sunk  into  the  remaining  portion.  No  bones 
were  encountered. 

In  the  soil  was  the  upper  part  of  a so-called  hoe-shaped  implement  which  had 
been  broken  transversely  in  a line  with  the  perforation. 

Just  below  the  surface  of  the  mound  was  an  undecorated  bowl  of  inferior 
ware,  having  a flat,  imperforate  base.  Within  the  bowl  were  fragments  of  shells 
and  a soapstone  pipe,  undecorated,  of  a common  type,  which  has  a howl  about 
equaling  in  size  the  part  intended  to  hold  a stem,  both  parts  being  about  square  in 
transverse  section. 

We  regarded  this  bowl  and  its  contents  as  a cache  in  a domiciliary  mound. 

Mound  near  Munnerlyn’s  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

This  mound,  of  sand,  2 feet  9 inches  in  height  and  50  feet  across  its  circular 
base,  on  property  controlled  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Allen,  of  Bainbridge,  Ga.,  was  in  an  old 
field  about  one-quarter  mile  in  a southerly  course  from  Munnerlyn’s  Landing. 

The  mound,  which  was  completely  dug  away  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  a 
portion  around  a small  fruit  tree,  had  sustained  practically  no  digging  previous  to 
our  visit,  but  evidently  had  been  spread  somewhat  by  cultivation.  However,  as 
none  of  the  sixteen  burials  met  with  by  us  in  the  mound  was  less  than  one  foot 
from  the  surface,  it  is  not  likely  that  any  material  damage  had  been  wrought  by 
the  plow.  Some  of  the  skeletons  were  too  badly  decayed  to  enable  determination 
of  the  form  of  burial;  some  indicated  a close  flexion. 

Near  a burial  was  a fragment  of  a soapstone  vessel,  worked  into  an  ellipsoidal 
form,  4.25  inches  in  length.  Below  the  skull  of  another  burial  was  the  lower  part 
of  an  earthenware  vessel;  otherwise,  the  burials,  two  of  which  lay  near  deposits 
of  charcoal,  were  not  associated  with  artifacts.  Apart  from  human  remains  lay  : 
a “celt;”  a rude  cutting  implement  of  chert ; several  chips  of  chert,  singly ; and 
a deposit  of  small  masses  of  chert. 

A few  feet  in  from  the  eastern  margin  of  the  mound  began  a deposit  of  earth- 
enware, including  many  small  fragments  of  various  vessels,  some  large  parts  of  ves- 
sels, and  several  entire  ones.  The  ware  of  all  is  inferior.  Tempering  with  gravel  or 
with  shell  is  not  present.  Parts  of  one  vessel  show  an  exterior  coating  of  red  paint  ; 
the  small  check-stamp  was  encountered  once ; incised  or  punctate  decoration  is  unrep- 
resented. Several  vessels  and  parts  of  vessels  bear  faint,  complicated-stamp  deco- 
ration. Two  large  fragments  have  this  form  of  decoration  more  distinctly  marked, 
one  bearing  a design  showing  the  human  eye  (Figs.  25,  26). 

Two  vessels,  the  only  ones  presenting  any  divergence  from  ordinary  forms, 
have  flat,  square  bases  with  pronounced  corners  serving  as  feet. 

Two  small,  undecorated  vessels  were  found  together,  apart  from  the  ceremonial 
deposit  of  earthenware  and,  like  all  vessels  and  large  parts  of  vessels  from  this 
mound,  bear  the  basal,  mortuary  perforation. 


452 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Mound  near  Kerr’s  Landing,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

This  mound,  circular  in  outline,  almost  entirely  of  sand,  with  a height  of  5 
feet  2 inches,  a basal  diameter  of  about  G2  feet,  in  a field  formerly  under  cultiva- 


tion, forming  part  of  the  plantation  of  Judge  B.  B.  Bower,  of  Bainbridge,  is  about 
2 miles  in  a southeasterly  direction  from  Kerr’s  Landing,  and  about  5 miles  below 

Bainbridge.  A deep  excavation  about  30  yards 
west  of  the  mound  showed  whence  its  material 
had  come. 

The  mound,  which  had  been  considerably 
dug  into  before  our  visit,  was  entirely  leveled  by 
us  with  the  exception  of  parts  around  four  trees. 
Near  the  center  of  the  base  was  a former  fireplace 
with  considerable  charcoal  remaining. 

Human  remains,  encountered  in  twenty-five 
places,  were  all  so  badly  decayed  that  the  form  of 
burial  was  evident  in  but  few  instances.  The 
closely-flexed  form,  however,  was  represented  in 
some  cases,  as  also  probably  were  bunched  burials. 


Fig.  26. — Sherd. 
Landing. 


Mound  near  Munnerlyn’s 
(Height  8.4  inches.) 


With  one  burial  was 


celt  ” of  volcanic 


rock,  6 inches  in  length — the  only  artifact  found 
in  direct  association  with  the  dead.  With  another  burial  was  a mass  of  material, 
8 by  8 by  5 inches,  determined  by  Dr.  Harry  F.  Keller  to  be  “ clay  mixed  with  a 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS.  453 


few  per  cent,  of  carbon  in  the  graphitic  form,  as  well  as  some  coarser  and  finer 
grains  of  quartz  sand.”  ‘‘The  particles  of  carbon,”  says  Doctor  Keller,  “are  very 
fine  and  pretty  thoroughly  disseminated  through  the  mass.” 

With  some  burials  was  sand  colored  with  hematite;  with  others,  charcoal. 

Not  found  directly  with  burials  were:  two  arrowheads  or  knives,  of  chert; 
several  Hakes  of  the  same  material ; two  masses  of  galena  (lead  sulphide)  from  the 
carbonate  deposit  occurring  on  which  the  aborigines  made  white-lead  paint;  a few 
scattered  sherds ; a large  deposit  of  earthenware. 

This  deposit,  beginning  near  the  eastern  margin  of  the  mound,  as  usual,  cov- 
ered a considerable  area  and  extended  a number  of  feet  toward  the  center.  It  con- 
sisted mainly  of  a great  number  of  fragments  of  vessels,  several  hundred  at  least, 
and  represented  parts  of  many  vessels,  none  of  which,  so  far  as  we  could  determine, 
had  a full  complement  of  fragments  present.  Of  course,  the  determination  of  the 
number  of  fragments  of  a vessel  which  may  be  in  a mound  is  more  difficult  when 
a vessel  is  undecorated  or  bears  a check-stamp  decoration,  as  identifications  of  adja- 
cent parts  is  less  readily  made  in  such  cases  than  when  distinctive  decoration  aids 
the  investigator.  However,  it  is  entirely  possible  that  parts  of  decorated  vessels 
even  escaped  our  vigilance  by  being  thrown  back  by  shovels  with  sand,  for  when 
sherds  are  widely  scattered,  one  lying  here  and  one  there,  the  whole  area  in  which 
they  lie  cannot  be  passed  through  a sieve  as  can  be  done  and  is  done  by  us  when 
fragments  of  vessels  lie  more  closelj^  together. 

Beside  the  small  check-stamp,  which  greatly  predominated,  the  forms  of  deco- 
ration present  on  the  ware  were  : a few  examples  of  the  complicated  stamp,  faintly 
impressed ; the  cord-marked ; several  designs  with  red  paint ; a few  interesting 
patterns,  sometimes  incised,  sometimes  neatly  made  with  the  impress  of  a point 
or,  in  some  instances  perhaps,  of  a roulette.1 

Gritty  ware  was  sparingly  represented ; no  shell-tempered  ware  was  found. 
Here  and  there  in  the  deposit,  farther  in  than  were  most  of  the  fragments,  were 
several  whole  vessels  and  large  parts  of  vessels.  All  these  had  mortuary  perfora- 
tion of  base,  which  was  apparent  also  on  many  fragments. 

Certain  sherds  had  belonged  to  vessels  bearing  feet. 

Entire  vessels  and  large  parts  of  vessels  from  this  mound  will  be  described  in 
detail : 

Vessel  No.  1. — The  greater  part  of  a bowl  which  had  been  surrounded  below 
the  rim  by  a band  of  rather  rudely-executed,  incised  decoration. 

Vessel  No.  2.- — A pot  of  inferior  ware  having  a rather  faintly-impressed,  small 
check-stamp. 

Vessel  No.  3. — A bowl  of  yellow  ware,  undecorated  save  for  a single,  incised 
line  immediately  below  the  rim. 

Vessel  No.  4. — A bowl  of  inferior  material,  rudely  decorated  with  incised, 
parallel  lines  below  the  margin. 

1 “Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,”  W.  H.  Holmes,  Fig.  43.  Twentieth  Ann. 
Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethnol.,  1898-99. 


454 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Vessel  No.  5. — A large  part  of  a bowl  which  has  since  been  somewhat  restored, 
though  no  part  of  this  restoration  shows  in  the  reproduction  (Fig.  27).  The  punc- 
tate design,  beautifully  executed,  which  is  shown  in  the  illustration,  appears  four 
times  on  the  vessel.  In  the  base  are  two  carefully-made,  circular,  mortuary  per- 
forations, side  by  side.  Such  duplication  of  the  mortuary  mutilation  is  unusual. 

Vessel  No.  G. — A vessel  of  excellent,  yellow  ware,  graceful  in  form  (Fig.  28), 
having  an  interesting,  incised  decoration  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  29. 


Fig.  27. — Vessel  No.  5.  Mound  near  Kerr’s  Landing.  (Diameter  10.6  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  7. — Similar  to  Vessel  No.  6 as  to  ware  and  shape,  but  without  dec- 
oration. With  this  were  the  decaying  remains  of  a large  conch  (Fu/gur pcrversum). 
Vessels  Nos.  6 and  7 were  found  together  somewhat  farther  toward  the  center  of  the 
mound  than  the  general  deposit  of  earthenware. 

Certain  vessels  have  been  made  up  with  partial  restoration,  from  fragments 
present  in  the  mound,  as  follows  : 

Vessel  No.  8. — A pot  of  inferior  ware  having  for  decoration  on  the  upper  part 
rudely-incised,  parallel  lines  crossed  by  parallel,  diagonal  ones. 


LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


455 


Fig.  28. — Vessel  No.  6.  Mound  near  Kerr’s  Landing.  (Height  7.7  inches.) 


Fig.  29. — Vessel  No.  6.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 


456  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


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C c * c*  O c 

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Fig.  30. — Vessel  No.  10.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


Vessel  No.  9. — A dish  or  platter, 
8 inches  square,  having  a slightly 
concave  base,  and  two  knobs  on 
opposite  sides,  rising  above  the  rim. 
There  has  been  a decoration  con- 
sisting of  broad  bands  of  red  pig- 
ment, which  we  have  been  unable 
to  restore  owing  to  the  absence  of 
the  central  part  of  the  dish. 

Vessel  No.  10. — A bowl  of 
excellent  ware  having  a carefully- 
executed,  punctate  design,  shown  in 
Fig.  30,  a number  of  times  repeated. 

Two  sherds  from  this  mound 
are  shown  in  Figs.  31,  32. 


Burial  Place  on  the  Ciiason  Plantation,  Decatur  County,  Ga. 

The  Chason  Plantation,  belonging  to  Dr.  Jefferson  D.  Chason,  of  Bainbridge, 
is  on  the  eastern  side  of  Flint  river,  about  3.5  miles  below  the  city  named.  A 
slight  rise  in  the  ground  in  a cotton-field  forming  part  of  the  plantation  was  reported 


to  be  the  spot  where  two  earthenware  vessels  on  exhibition  at  Bainbridge  had 
been  found. 

Trenching  and  careful  sounding  with  iron  rods  over  the  whole  surface  of  the 

O O 

higher  ground  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  two  decaying  skeletons  and  part  of  an 
earthenware  vessel. 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 

By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

The  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  which  have  been  twice  visited  and  twice  written 
of  by  us,1  were  again  the  subject  of  our  investigation  during  two  seasons,  the  winter 
of  1906  and  the  winter  of  1907.  These  islands  (see  accompanying  map)  fringe  the 
coast  of  southwestern  Florida  for  about  SO  miles,  along  parts  of  the  counties  of 
Lee  and  Monroe,  between  the  settlement  known  as  Naples  on  the  north  and  Cape 
Sable  on  the  south. 

In  a former  report  we  have  spoken  of  Little  Marco  as  the  northern  limit  of 
the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  but  as  the  coast  is  bordered  by  small  keys  to  Naples, 
about  nine  miles  farther  north,  and  as  this  place  can  be  reached  by  an  inside  water- 
route,  the  most  intelligent  inhabitants  of  the  Keys  now  speak  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Islands  as  beginning  at  Naples. 

Little  Marco,  it  should  be  said,  is  not  a key,  but  a settlement  on  the  mainland, 
not  far  from  Key  Marco.  The  island  next  above  Marco  is  not  named  Little 
Marco,  but  is  known  as  “The  Beach.” 

The  settlement  of  Marco,  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Key  Marco,  the 
most  important  key  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  was  again  visited  by  us  and  a 
careful  search  made  of  all  the  shell  territory  adjacent.  Near  Marco  we  examined 
a section  of  a heap  composed  partly  of  shell  and  in  part  of  kitchen  refuse  and  the 
debris  of  lires,  the  last  consisting  of  tine  ash  containing  fish-bones,  etc.  In  this 
midden  refuse  were  numerous  fragments  of  pottery  of  rather  inferior  ware,  some 
bearing  a simple  incised  decoration,  others  the  imprint  of  cord.  No  doubt  the 
key-dwellers  used  pottery  only  to  a limited  extent. 

Among  objects  obtained  by  us  at  Marco  were  many  pendants,  two  of  which, 
of  limestone,  and  two  of  shell,  are  shown  in  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  4. 

As  we  have  written  in  former  reports,  we  gravely  doubt  that  the  grooved 
objects  of  shell  and  of  stone,  known  as  “ plumb-bobs,”  among  the  keys,  of  which  such 
great  numbers  have  been  found  there,  were  used  as  sinkers  for  lines  or  fish-nets, 
though  some  are  so  coarsely  made  as  to  seem  unfitted  for  ornament.  Mr.  Cushing,2 
among  his  wonderful  discoveries  at  Marco,  found  fish-nets  with  sinkers  in  place, 
but  none  was  in  the  form  of  the  pendants  found  among  the  keys,  while  lines  had 
sinkers  of  Turbinella  shells  with  the  whorls  rudely  battered  off.  The  pendants  are 
not  found  chiefly  near  the  water,  but  distributed  over  such  of  the  keys  as  have 

l“  Certain  Antiquities  of  the  Florida  West-Coast.”  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Vol. 
XI,  1900. 

“Miscellaneous  Investigation  in  Florida.”  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Vol.  XIII,  1905. 

2 “ Preliminary  Report  on  the  Exploration  of  Ancient  Key-Dweller  Remains  on  the  Gulf-Coast 
of  Florida,”  by  Frank  Hamilton  Cushing.  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Yol. 
XXXV,  No.  153,  p.  38,  1897. 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


459 


aboriginal  deposits  of  shell ; some  are  too  handsomely  made  to  have  served  a 
utilitarian  purpose;  while  one  in  our  possession  is  of  a coralline  material  so  light 
that  it  hardly  sinks  in  water.  We  found  in  the  cemetery  and  mound  near  Crystal 
River,1  Florida,  in  place  on  a skeleton,  a number  of  stone  pendants  associated  with 
others  made  of  copper.  We  believe  these  pen- 
dants from  the  keys  served  some  ornamental  or 
ceremonial  purpose — perhaps  they  were  “charm- 
stones.’’  It  is  true,  as  we  have  said,  that  many 
of  the  stone  pendants  of  the  keys  are  crude,  but 
much  of  the  stone  of  that  locality  is  not  of  a 
character  conducive  to  good  workmanship. 


Fig.  1. — Pendant  of  limestone. 
Marco,  Key  Marco.  (About 
full  size.) 


Fig.  2. — Pendant  of 
limestone.  Marco, 
Key  Marco.  (About 
full  size.) 


Fig. 3. — Pendant 
of  shell.  Marco, 
Key  Marco. 
(About  full 
size.) 


Fig. 4. — Pendant  of 
shell.  Marco, 
Key  Marco. 
(About  full  size.) 


Two  interesting  pendants  from  Marco  probably  represent  ducks’  heads.  One 
(Fig.  5)  is  of  a hard  stone  not  found  in  Florida,  but  we  have  not  wished  to  muti- 
late it  for  exact  determina- 
tion. The  other,  of  lime- 
stone, is  shown  in  Fig.  6. 

These  pendants  are  another 
of  the  indications  of  the 
high  esteem  in  which  the 
duck  was  held  by  the 
ancient  southern  Indians. 

A circular  ornament  of  Fig.  5.  Duck-head  pendant.  Three  positions.  Marco,  Key 

Marco.  (Full  size.) 

shell  from  Marco,  and  a 
curiously-shaped  pendant  of 
7,  8,  respectively. 


limestone  from  the  same  place,  are  shown  in  Figs. 


'“Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Central  Florida  West-Coast.” 
Phila.,  Vol.  XII,  p.  99,  1903. 


Jo  urn.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  of 


460 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


Occasionally  in  the  shell  debris  at  Marco  were  “ chipped  and  notched  fragments 
of  heavy  clam-shells,”  like  those  found  by  Cushing1  on  nets  in  the  muck  at  Marco; 
while  a fossil-shark’s  tooth,  beveled  and  showing  signs  of  use,  probably  as  a knife, 
was  picked  up  by  us  in  the  shell  debris  of  a cul- 
tivated field.  Teeth  of  sharks,  though  fossil 


Fig.  6. — Duck-head  pendant.  Three  positions.  Marco,  Key 
Marco.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  7. — Ornament  of  shell.  Marco,  Key 
Marco.  (About  full  size.) 


sharks  are  not  specified,  were  found  by  Cushing,2  set  in  handles  for  use  as  carving 
tools. 

We  got  also  at  Marco — and  the  inhabitants  say  that  many  have  been  gathered 
from  the  surface  near  there — a fragment  of  clam-shell  wrought  on  one  side  to  a 

very  sharp  cutting  edge  (Fig.  9).  These  probably 
were  hafted  as  knives  or,  perhaps,  were  the  blades 
of  small  hand-adzes,  as  described  by  Cushing,3 
though  “little  blades  made  either  from  bits  of  shell, 

the  sharp  ventral  valves  of 
oysters,”  and  not  clam- 
shells,  are  mentioned  by 
him. 

While  at  Marco  we 
visited  Little  Marco;  Mcll- 
vai  lie’s  Key;  Addison’s 
Key ; and  the  Crawford 
place,  northward  toward 


Fig.  8. — Pendant.  Two  positions.  Marco, 
Key  Marco.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  9. — Chisel  blade  and  section- 
Marco,  Key  Marco.  (Full  size.) 


Naples — all  noteworthy,  aboriginal  shell  deposits. 

A number  of  interesting  objects  came  from  Goodland  Point,  Key  Marco,  among 
which  is  a gorget  of  shell  (Fig.  10)  with  the  aboriginal  sign  of  the  four  directions, 
A pendant  from  the  same  place  (Fig.  11),  made  from  fossil  bone  or  from  some 
coral  material  (we  have  not  wished  to  cut  into  the  specimen  to  determine  it),  bears 
an  incised  design  on  each  of  the  four  sides — two  showing  the  eye ; one,  a mouth  or 
jaws;  and  one  being  indistinguishable.  Three  of  these  designs  are  shown  in 
diagram  in  Fig.  12. 

o O 


1 Op.  cit.,  p.  38. 


2 Op.  cit.,  p.  42. 


3 Op.  cit.,  p.  41. 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


461 


Fikahatchee  Key,  and  Russell's  Key,  large  shell  islands,  yielded  specimens  of 


aboriginal  work. 

Chokoloskee  Key  was  visited  with  good  results. 


Fig.  10. — Gorget  of  shell.  Goodlaud  Point,  Key  Marco.  (Full  size.) 


Among  various  objects 
obtained  there  was  a 
gorget  wrought  from  a 
considerable  portion  of 
a shell  (somewhat  simi- 
lar to  the  shells  we 
found  in  the  great  place 
of  burial  near  Crystal 
River,  Florida),  which 
resembles  a shallow 


Fig.  11. — Pendant.  Good  land 
Point,  Key  Marco.  (About 
full  size.) 


drinking-cup  and  might  be  taken  for  such  an  object  were  it  not  for  two  holes  for 
suspension  bored  well  below  the  margin. 


Fig.  12. — Incised  decoration  on  pendant.  Goodland  Point,  Key  Marco.  (Full  size.) 


An  interesting  object  from  Chokoloskee  Key,  a massive  pick  6.7  inches  in 
length  and  1.25  inches  in  maximum  thickness,  wrought  from  the  lip  of  S trombus 


462 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


gigas , is  shown  in  Fig.  13.  Much  splintering  at  each  end  testifies  to  the  amount 
of  service  to  which  this  implement  has  been  subjected.  It  is  our  belief,  strength- 
ened by  the  result  of  inquiry,  that  this  shell  implement  is  unique,  though  similarly 
shaped  picks  of  stone  are  met  with. 


Fig.  13. — Pick-axe  of  shell.  Chokoloskee  Key.  (Full  size.) 


A pendant  from  the  same  place  is  a carefully-made  imitation,  wrought  from 

shell,  of  a canine  tooth  of 
a large  carnivore.  So  well 
executed  is  this  imitation 
that  at  first  glance  one 
might  well  be  deceived 
and  mistake  it  for  a tooth 
in  reality  (Fig.  14). 

Also  from  Cliokolos- 


Fig.  14. — Pendant 
of  shell.  Cho- 
koloskee Key. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  15. — Pendant  of  stone. 
Chokoloskee  Key.  (About 
full  size.) 


Fig.  16. — Pendant  of 
shell.  Chokoloskee 
Key.  (About  full 
size.) 


kee  Key  came  a pendant  of  a hard  stone  from  a region  to  the  north  of  Florida 
(Fig.  15);  a pendant  of  shell  (Fig.  16);  a wrell  made  bead  of  shell  (Fig.  17);  an 
ornament  of  shell  with  the  incised  sign  of  the  four  directions  (Fig.  18). 

A rude  effigy  of  a human  head  (Fig.  19),  carved  on  a fragment  of  pumice 
stone,  was  picked  up  on  Chokoloskee  Key  by  a thoroughly  reliable  person  long 
known  to  us,  from  whom  we  obtained  it.  This  effigy  has  every  appearance  ot 
being  aboriginal  work. 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


463 


Lossman’s  Key,  near  Cape  Sable,  one  of  the  largest  keys  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Islands,  was  again  visited  by  us  and  its  two  shell  deposits — one  more  than  ten  acres 
in  extent — were  carefully  examined.  The  larger  deposit,  rich  in  aboriginal  imple- 
ments, has  been  recently  cleared  of  the  hammock  growth  formerly  upon  it.  While 
there  we  almost  walked  upon  the  wires  of  a loaded  spring-gun  set  for  deer  or 
panther — one  of  the  chances  one  takes  in  exploring  this  wild  and  lawless  region. 

The  reader  of  our  former  reports  on  the  Florida  Keys  may  recall  that  in  the 
shell  deposits  there  are  many  implements  wrought  from 
entire  shells.  These  implements,  sometimes  whole,  but 
much  oftener  broken  or  greatly  worn,  lie  among  great 
numbers  of  unwrought  conchs  and  other  shells,  as  is 
well  shown  in  the  picture  of  a cultivated  field  on  Clioko- 
loskee  Key  (Fig.  20). 

In  our  search  for  these  implements  we  were  con- 
stantly aided  by  the  inhabitants — especially  by  children 
who,  laboring  in  hope  of  substantial  reward,  had  put 
aside,  to  await  our  coming,  all  desirable  shells  found  on 
the  surface  or  turned  up  by  the  plow.  In  this  way,  by 
our  own  efforts  and  by  those  of  others  we  accumulated  a 
very  large  collection  of  implements.  These  implements 
we  believe  to  have  served  mainly  as  chisels,  gouges,  adzes,  scrapers,  hammers,  and 
grinders,  and  especially  as  hoes  and  picks  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  These 

picks  and  hoes  were  used  with  fairly  short  handles, 
those  employing  them  assuming  a squatting  posi- 
tion, after  the  manner  of  less-advanced  peoples  at 
the  present  time  when  cultivating  the  ground. 

The  results  of  our  two  seasons’  labors  were 
added  in  part  to  our  collection  in  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia  and  in  part  were 
sent  to  various  museums  in  this  country,  in  South 
America,  and  in  Europe. 

Before  describing  new  types  of  shell  imple- 
ments found  by  us  in  our  last  two  seasons’  work, 
we  wish  to  correct  an  error  into  which  we  have 
fallen.  In  a former  report1  we  say,  “There  is  a 
small  hole  above  the  shoulder,  or  periphery  [of 
the  shell],  which  seems,  as  a rule,  to  have  had  no 
connection  with  the  tool,  inasmuch  as  numbers  of  shells,  not  made  into  implements, 
show  a similar  perforation,  which  may  have  been  made  to  sever  the  muscle  and 
free  the  shell-fish  from  its  shell.” 

1 “ Miscellaneous  Investigation  in  Florida,”  page  316.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Vol 
XIII,  1905. 


Fig.  18. — Ornament  of  shell.  Cho- 
koloskee  Key.  (About  full  size.) 


464 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


Fig.  20. — A field  on  Cbokoloskee  Key. 


While  it  is  true  that  some  conch 
shells  (more  from  some  localities  than 
from  others)  which  have  no  hole  or 
holes  in  the  body-whorl  for  the  inser- 
tion of  a handle,  and  do  not  seem  to 
have  served  as  tools,  have  a small  hole 
above  the  shoulder,  or  periphery,  it  is 
equally  true  that  a large  proportion  of 
the  shells  found  on  the  keys  do  not 
have  this  hole,  and,  as  the  contents  of 
these  shells  were  brought  to  the  keys 
as  an  article  of  food,  it  is  clear  that  a 
hole  above  the  shoulder,  or  periphery, 
was  not  necessary  to  separate  the 
shell-fish  from  the  shell. 

Cushing,1  who  found  in  place  in 
the  muck  at  Marco  shell  implements 
pierced  for  handles,  speaks  of  them  as 
follows : “ Thus  the  stick  or  handle 
could  be  driven  into  these  perfortions, 
past  the  columella  in  such  manner 
that  it  was  sprung  or  clamped  firmly 
into  place.  Nevertheless  it  was  usually 
further  secured  with  rawhide  thongs 
— now  mere  jelly — passed  through 
one  or  two  additional  perforations  in 
the  head,  and  around  both  the  stick 
and  the  columella.” 

This  hole  above  the  shoulder  is 
not  always  present,  however,  even  in 
shells  which  are  distinctly  tools,  with 
chisel-edge  and  holes,  or  a hole  and  a 
notch,  for  the  insertion  of  a handle. 
This  hole  for  the  thong  is  absent  in  a 
small  percentage  of  these  tools  among 
the  islands  generally,  while  at  Mcll- 
vaine’s,  a small  shell  key2  about  two 
miles  to  the  northeast  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Marco,  a score  of  implements, 
all  that  were  found  by  us  of  the  class 
we  have  mentioned,  had  no  hole  above 
the  shoulder  of  the  shell. 

We  shall  now  describe  in  detail 
some  of  the  most  interesting  shell  im- 
plements obtained  by  us  since  the 
publication  of  our  last  report. 

An  interesting  type  from  Marco 
is  a pick  wrought  from  Fasciolaria 
(Fig.  21),  doubtless  used  in  cultivating 

1 Op.  cit.,  p.  40. 

2 The  reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  a very 
small  proportion  of  the  keys  of  the  Ten 
Thousand  Islands  bear  evidence  of  aboriginal 
occupancy. 


Fig.  21. — Shell  pick.  Marco,  Key  Marco. 
(Length  11.7  inches.) 


466 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS.  FLORIDA. 


the  soil.  These  picks  are  seldom  found  entire,  though  implements  of  the  same 
shell  with  the  columella  much  worn  away  are  abundant.  It  is  likely  that  picks, 
after  a certain  amount  of  wear,  were  used  as  hammers. 

The  next  implement  to  be  considered,  a heavy  Fulgur  perversion  of  moderate 
size,  differs  from  types  heretofore  described  in  that  there  is  a hole  for  the  handle, 
back  of  the  columella,  and  a notch  on  the  right  as  shown  in  Fig.  22,  illustrating  a 


Fig.  22. — Implement  of  shell.  Mollvaine’s  Key.  (Height  5.5  inches.) 


specimen  from  Mcllvaine’s  Key.  Usually  when  a notch  is  present  it  is  on  the  left 
of  the  shell.  A number  of  examples  similar  to  the  one  shown  in  the  figure,  how- 
ever, were  met  with  by  us  on  Mcllvaine’s  Key  and  elsewhere.  There  is  no  hole 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  shell  for  a thong  or  fiber  to  pass  through,  and  none  is 
needed  in  this  instance  as  attachment  can  be  made  directly  to  the  columella. 

An  interesting  implement  is  a Fulgur  perversion  with  no  perforation  for  a 
handle  below  the  shoulder,  or  periphery.  There  is,  however,  in  addition  to  the 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


467 


usual  small  hole  for  attachment,  a large  one  above  the  shoulder,  a feature  often 
found  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Florida,  but 
seldom  on  the  western  coast.  This  tool, 
which  came  from  Fikahatchee  Key,  perhaps 
was  used  like  a spade  the  handle  extending 
straight  upward  ; or  possibly  the  shell  was 
placed  at  right  angles  to  the  handle  which 
crossing  the  top  of  the  shell  entered  the 
hole  obliquely  and  was  made  fast  with  a 
thong. 

An  implement  (Fig.  23)  from  Goodland 
Point,  Key  Marco,  has  no  hole  of  any  sort 
and  consequently  no  inserted  handle  was 
used  in  connection  with  it.  The  upper,  and 
heavier,  part  of  the  shell  shows  great  wear, 
but  as  the  beak  is  intact,  bearing  no  trace  of 
a cutting  edge  or  of  any  use  whatever,  it  is 
evident  the  tool  was  not  used  with  the  upper 
part  held  in  the  hand  and  the  lower  part  to 
cut  as  a chisel,  or  to  loosen  the  soil  as  a 
pick,  as  some  tools  closely  resembling  this 
one  certainly  were  used.  Therefore,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  the  tool  to  have  been 
employed  as  a kind  of  hammer  or  grinder, 
but  as  there  is  no  evidence  of  chipping  or 
battering,  presumably  it  served  in  connec- 
tion with  some  comparatively  soft  material, 
such  as  Indian  corn. 

An  implement  (Fig.  24),  wrought  from 
Fascio/aria , is  greatly  cut  away  for  con- 
venience to  the  user  and  has  a notch  to  the 
right  and  another  to  the  left  for  the  attach- 
ment of  a handle.  At  Lossman’s  Key,  from 
which  this  implement  came,  it  was  noted 
that  a double  notch  was  used  more  often 
than  a hole  and  a notch  or  a double  hole  for 
the  handle. 

As  we  have  said  before  in  this  report, 
the  small  hole,  or  sometimes  two  holes,  in 
the  shell  above  the  shoulder,  or  periphery, 
through  which  thongs  or  fiber  bound  the 
handle  more  firmly,  were  not  always  em- 
ployed. Almost  invariably  when  these  holes  FrG-  23  ~ Sbel1  implement.  Goodland  Point. 

L J (Length  11.35  inches.) 


468 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS.  FLORIDA. 


for  attachment  were  not  made  above  the  shoulder,  they  were  dispensed  with,  though 
in  a few  cases  they  are  found  in  the  body  of  the  shell.  A small  number  of  such 
instances  have  come  to  our  notice,  and  there  is  in  our  collection  jat  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  a good  example  from  Fikahatchee  Key,  where  a shell  with  a line 

gouge  edge,  and  a hole  and  a notch  to  accommo- 
date a handle,  has  a small,  round  perforation  in 
the  body-whorl — too  small  to  have  served  for  any 
purpose  except  for  the  passage  of  a thong. 

Two  shells  ( Fulgur perversum ) added  to  our 
collection  since  the  last  report,  differ  from  ordinary 
types  in  that  while  both  have  edges  beautifully 
ground  at  the  beaks,  and  each  has  a part  of  the 
body-whorl  cut  back  from  the  aperture,  neither 
shell  bears  hole  or  notch  for  the  accommodation 
of  a handle.  One  implement,  however,  has  a hole 
for  attachment  above  the  shoulder  of  the  shell, 
while  the  other  is  without  one.  These  implements 
came  respectively  from  Little  Marco  and  the 
Crawford  Place,  below  Naples. 

As  to  another  class  of  shells  we  are  unable  as 
yet  to  reach  a decision.  These  shells,  sparingly 
found  on  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  were  fairly 
numerous  on  Wason,  or  Cora  Key,  in  Pine  Island 
Sound,  north  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands.  The 
shells  ( Fulgur  perversum)  are  carefully  cut  back 
from  the  aperture  as  if  for  use  as  tools  and  have 
above  the  shoulder  usually  one  small  hole,  but 
sometimes  two,  for  attachment.  In  certain  cases 
some  of  these  holes  seem  to  bear  evidence  of  wear. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  no  instance  do  these  shells 
have  any  hole  or  notch  through  which  a handle  may  be  passed.  The  beaks  are 
considerably  chipped  as  if  by  use,  but  above  the  splintered  part  is  no  sign  of  the 
remainder  of  the  ground  surface,  which  is  so  often  apparent  on  other  tools,  though 
they  have  been  subjected  to  prolonged  use.  It  is  possible  these  shells  were  used  as 
tools  with  the  aid  of  a handle  abutting  against  the  inside  of  the  body-whorl,  the 
thong  extending  over  the  outside  of  the  shell.  Presumably  the  beaks  were  not 
ground  prior  to  use,  the  implements  serving  as  picks  with  unground  beaks,  as  was 
the  case  with  the  large  “ horse-conchs  ” (Fasciolaria),  one  of  which  is  shown  in  this 
report  (Fig.  21). 

On  all  the  shell  keys,  and  notably  on  Fikahatchee  Key,  we  found  masses  of 
sandstone,  smoothed  and  furrowed  by  use.  These  stones,  we  believe,  were  those 
used  in  conferring  cutting  edges  on  the  shell  tools  of  the  keys. 


FlGg4. — Shell  implement.  Lossman’s  Key. 
(Length  6.2  inches.) 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


469 


Fig.  25  shows  an  ordinary  southern,  round  clam-shell  ( Venus  mortoni ) from 
Fikahatchee  Key,  with  a circular  hole  knocked  from  the  inside  through  the  central 
part  of  the  shell  or,  perhaps,  a little  above  it.  Clam-shells  of  this  kind,  of  which 
we  obtained  thirteen, — twelve  from  Chokoloskee  and  one  from  Fikahatchee, — 
usually  show  considerable  wear  on  parts  of  the  edge,  though  the  shell  in  the  illus- 
tration, probably  almost  an  unused  tool,  shows  but  little  sign  of  use.  There  seems 
to  be,  however,  no  evidence  of  wear  on  the  sharp  edges  within  the  holes,  which 
fact  makes  it  still  more  doubtful  how  these  shells  were  used,  though  no  doubt  the 
purpose  for  which  they  were  employed  was  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  In  “Art  in 
Shell”  1 we  see  suggested  various  methods  of  hafting  perforated  shells. 

Cushing  says  :2  “Large  clam-shells,  deeply  worn  at  the  backs,  as  well  as  show- 
ing much  use  at  the  edges, 
seem  to  have  served  both  as 
scrapers  and  as  digging  imple- 
ments or  hoes ; for  some  of 
them  had  been  hafted  by  clamp- 
ing curved  sticks  over  the  hinge 
and  over  the  point  at  the  apex, 
or  umbo — where  it  showed 
wear  ” . . . No  reference  is 
made  by  him  to  holes  in  these 
shells,  and  in  point  of  fact  re- 
peated search  made  by  our- 
selves and  by  the  juvenile 
population  of  Marco3  failed  to 
discover  at  that  place  a single 
perforated  clam-shell  of  the 
variety  in  question. 

Cushing,4  however,  speaks 
ot  varieties  ot  Peclunculus  (which  is  a kind  of  clam)  as  having  served  as  scrapers 
and  shavers,  and  being  “ perforated  at  the  apices,  in  order  that  a loop  might  be 
attached  to  them  to  facilitate  handling,”  and  also  describes  (p.  42)  a variety  of 
Area  shell,  three  and  one-half  or  four  inches  long,  through  the  aperture  of  which 
a strip  ol  bark  was  passed  in  a way  to  afford  an  excellent  grasp.  Probably  it  was 
in  this  manner  our  clam-shells  were  used  and  the  comparative  absence  of  wear  in 
the  holes  is  owing  to  the  soft  character  of  the  fiber. 

One  feature  connected  with  the  thirteen  clam-shells  found  bv  us  is  of  especial 
interest.  Of  these  shells  twelve  are  left  valves,  having  the  umbo,  or  beak  (which 
in  the  case  ot  the  clam  is  above  the  heavy  hinge-piece)  turning  to  the  right  of  the 
user,  thus  making  it  perhaps  a trifle  easier  for  a right-handed  person  to  grasp  in 
connection  with  a band.  In  the  case  of  the  remaining  shell,  a right-hand  valve, 

1 W.  II.  Holmes.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Etlin.,  1880-81,  pp.  206-207  plate  XXVI 

2 Op.  cit.,  p.  40. 

:i  Marco  was  the  principal  scene  of  Mr.  Cushing’s  labors. 

4 Op.  cit.,  p.  42. 


470 


NOTES  ON  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS,  FLORIDA. 


the  beak  turns  to  the  left  of  the  user,  and  probably  was  selected  by  a left-handed 
individual. 

In  Fig.  26  is  shown  a shell  ( Codakia  orbicularis ) which  has  been  an  imple- 
ment of  some  sort.  This  shell  was  dug 
by  us  from  one  of  the  great  ash-heaps 
on  Chokoloskee  Key,  which  there  and 
on  certain  other  keys  seem  to  he  the 
remains  of  fires  loner  continued. 

O 

Spread  over  the  shell  keys  are  con- 
siderable numbers  of  shells  ( Area  pon- 
dcrosa),  many  with  a hole  below  the 
hinge,  as  shown  in  Fig.  27. 

Cushing  (p.  38)  speaks  of  nets 
having  “sinkers  made  from  thick, 
roughly  perforated  umboidal  bivalves, 
tied  together  in  bunches,”  no  doubt 
referring  to  the  Area  ponderosa  shell. 

The  number  of  these  shells  having 
holes,  when  found  on  the  shell  keys, 
greatly  preponderates  over  those  that 
do  not  have  a perforation,  in  which  they  greatly  differ  from  the  conchs  and  other 
large  shells  found  on  the  keys.  The  reason  for  this  is  plain.  The  larger  shell-fish 
were  selected  for  food  primarily,  and  the  shells  of  only  some 
of  them  were  subsequently  used  as  tools.  The  Area,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  small  and  moreover  is  found  in  compara- 
tively deep  water  when  alive.  Presumably  conditions  were 
such  that  the  Area  was  not  sought  as  food  and  the  supply 
of  shells  needed  for  tools  came  from  the  beaches.  In  this 
event  a very  large  proportion  of  the  shells  carried  to  the 
keys  would  be  perforated  for  use. 

Many  of  the  Area  ponderosa  shells  in  our  possession 
show  decided  wear  on  the  edges,  which  leads  us  to  believe  they  were  used  as  dimin- 
utive scrapers.  Probably  Area  shells  were  employed  for  different  purposes — for 
tools  as  well  as  for  net-sinkers. 


Fig.  26. — Shell  implement.  Chokoloskee  Key. 
(About  full  size.) 


Fig.  27. — Perforated  Area  shell. 
Little  Marco.  (Length  2.15 
inches.) 


INDEX. 


Aboriginal  disturbances,  meaning  of 
term,  341. 

Abrasion  on  neck  of  bottle,  376. 

Alligator -head,  pottery  effigy  of, 
345- 

Antler,  tines  of,  used  as  arrow- 
heads, 382. 

Arrowhead-pendants  of  sheet-cop- 
per, 400. 

Arrowheads  of  chert,  395,  403. 

Arrowheads  from  tines  of  deers’ 
antlers,  382. 

Art-center,  Moundville  an  aborigi- 
nal, 404,  405. 

Artificial  flattening  of  crania,  339. 

Art  of  Moundville  homogeneous, 
340. 

Association  of  objects,  403. 


Beads  of  shel 

1.  343-  344. 

3§4’  398, 

401,  402,  403,  404. 

Bear  femurs 

used  as  drum-sticks, 

382. 

Beaver,  incisor  of,  403. 

Bird-serpent 

design  on 

pottery, 

351- 

Bird-head  pendants  of 

copper, 

400,  401. 
Birds’  heads, 

pottery  ef 

figies  of, 

345- 

Black  coating 

on  pottery, 

how  con- 

ferred,  345. 

Black  Warrior  River  named  from 
Tascaluca,  Creek  for  Black 
Warrior,  349. 

Bone,  objects  of,  381. 

Bone  piercers,  404. 

Bone  pins,  with  fragments  of  cop- 
per hair-ornaments,  404. 

“Bow  and  Arrow"  design,  vessel 
with,  367. 


MOUNDVILLE  REVISITED. 


Bowl  of  limestone,  representing 
bird  of  prey,  382,  384. 

Burial,  a noteworthy,  342. 

Burial,  forms  of,  near  Mound  D, 
34E 

Canines  of  carnivores,  pierced  for 
suspension,  381. 

Carthage,  former  name  of  Mound- 
ville, 337. 

“Celts,”  394,  404. 

Ceremonial  axe  represented  in  pen- 
dant of  shell,  394,  398. 

Ceremonial  axes,  sometimes  known 
as  “hoe-shaped  implements,”  394. 

Ceremonial  palettes  for  paint,  391, 
403- 

Ceremonial  palettes,  Prof.  W.  H. 
Holmes  as  to,  392. 

Chisel-edged  object  of  bone,  381. 

Chisels,  stone,  395. 

Cinnabar  (mercury  sulphide)  used 
as  paint,  394. 

Claw-shaped  handles,  vessel  with, 
360. 

Conventionalized  serpent-design , 

first  step  toward,  377. 

Conventionalized  serpent-design, 
next  step,  377,  379. 

Conventionalized  serpent-design , 
ultimate  step,  379. 

Conventionalized  serpent,  on  shell 
gorget,  396. 

Copper-coated  ear-plugs  of  wood, 
342,  402,  404. 

Copper-coated  ear-plugs  of  wood, 
having  bone  pins,  402,  404. 

Copper-coated  rattles  of  wood,  402, 

403- 

Copper  discs  with  perforated  boss, 
402. 


Copper  gorget  with  pearl,  402. 

Copper  objects,  399. 

Copper  pendant,  representing  head 
of  quadruped,  400. 

Copper  pendants,  342,  399,  400, 
401,  402,  403,  404. 

Copper  pendants,  “arrowhead,”  400. 

Copper  pendants,  bird-head,  400. 

Copper  pendants  with  swastika, 
401. 

Copper  pendants  with  pearl,  401. 

Copper  pendant  with  unique  decor- 
ation, 399. 

Copper,  sheet,  disc  of,  403. 

Copper,  sheet,  ear-plugs  of,  402. 

Copper,  .sheet,  gorget  of,  with 
pearl,  402. 

Crania  from  Moundville,  33S. 

Cranial  compression  at  Moundville, 
338.  339- 

Cross  of  the  four  directions,  346, 
351,  352,  361. 

Cross  of  the  four  directions,  formed 
by  the  woodpecker-design,  360, 

36 1. 

Cylindrical  vessel,  352. 

Disc  of  sheet-copper,  403. 

Discoidal  stones,  394,  403. 

Discoidal  stones,  limonite  with 
hematite  coating,  394. 

Discoidal  stone  with  engraved  dec- 
oration, 394. 

Discs  of  copper  with  perforated 
boss,  402. 

Discs  of  earthenware  from  parts  of 
vessels,  345. 

Discs  of  mica  as  ear-plugs,  395. 

Discs  of  stone,  ceremonial  palettes 
for  paint,  391,  403. 


472 


INDEX. 


Disc,  stone,  of  inflammable  materi- 
al, 395- 

Double  bird-design,  similar  to 
Mexican,  on  gorget  of  shell,  396. 

Double-bladed  implements  compar- 
atively numerous,  395. 

Double  burials,  342,  344,  384. 

Drinking-cups  of  shell,  with  dec- 
oration, fragments  of,  395. 

Drum-sticks  made  from  femurs  of 
bears,  382. 

Eagle  connected  with  sun-worship, 
404,  405- 

Eagle,  limestone  pipe,  effigy  of, 

384- 

Eagle-man,  possibly  represented  on 
shell  gorget,  396,  398. 

Eagles’  heads  on  pottery,  351. 

Ear-plug  of  earthenware,  346. 

Ear-plugs  of  wood,  copper-coated, 
342,  402,  404. 

Ear-plugs  of  mica,  395. 

Ear-plugs  of  sheet-copper,  402,  404. 

Ear-plugs  of  wood,  copper-coated, 
having  bone  pins,  402,  404. 

Eccentric  form,  quadrilateral  ves- 
sel of,  357,  404. 

Effigies  of  heads  of  birds,  etc., 
broken  from  earthenware  vessels, 
345- 

Effigy-bottle  recalling  Tennessee 
forms,  359,  360. 

Eye,  of  shell,  403. 

Femurs  of  bears,  used  as  drum- 
sticks, 382. 

Fewkes,  Dr.  J.  Walter,  348,  405. 

Finger-cross  of  the  four  directions, 
346,  35 1 - 

Fish-head,  pottery  effigy  of,  345. 

Fish,  vessel  representing,  346,  359. 

Forearm,  skeleton,  and  hand,  on 
pottery,  367. 

Four  directions,  cross  of  the,  346, 
35  L 352- 

Frog  effigy-vessels,  346,  360. 

Galena  (lead  sulphide),  with  super- 
ficial coating  of  lead  carbonate 
(white  lead),  392,  401. 

Glauconite,  or  “green  earth,"  per- 
haps used  as  paint,  394. 


Gordon,  Dr.  George  Byron,  377. 

Gorget  of  sheet-copper,  with  pearl, 
402. 

Gorget  of  shell,  perhaps  with  man- 
eagle  decoration,  396. 

Gorget  of  shell,  showing  human 
figure,  398. 

Gorget  of  shell,  with  conventional- 
ized serpent-design,  396. 

Gorget,  shell,  double-bird-design 
similar  to  Mexican,  396. 

Gorgets  of  shell,  396,  399. 

Gorget,  stone,  395. 

Hair-ornaments  of  sheet-copper, 
404- 

Hair-pins  of  shell,  398. 

Hand  and  eye,  on  earthenware,  346, 
35  J- 

Hatchets,  stone,  395. 

Heads  of  eagles,  351. 

Hematite,  natural  coating  of,  on  dis- 
coidals  of  limonite,  394. 

Hematite,  true  aboriginal  red  paint, 
392- 

Hodge,  F.  W.,  337. 

“Hoe-shaped  implements,”  394. 

“Hoe-shaped  implements”  are  cer- 
emonial axes,  394. 

Holmes,  Prof.  W.  H.,  345,  35O, 

377.  392>  398.  405- 

Hone,  of  sandstone,  multigrooved, 

395- 

Horned  and  winged  rattlesnake, 
374.  376. 

Hrdlicka,  Dr.  Ales,  his  report  on 
skull.  338. 

Human  head-effigies  on  rim  of 
vessel,  346. 

Human  remains.  338,  339,  340,  341, 
342-  343-  344- 

Ivory-bill  woodpecker-design  on 
pottery,  360,  361. 

Knuckle-bones  of  deer,  382,  402. 

Lamb,  Dr.  D.  S.,  340. 

Lead  carbonate,  a deposit  on  lead 
sulphide  (galena),  392. 

Lead  sulphide  present  in  the 
mounds,  39 2. 

Leg-symbol  as  an  ornament,  374. 


Leg-symbol  on  pottery,  369,  372. 

Leg-symbols  on  pottery  of  north- 
western Florida  coast,  372. 

Leg-symbols  on  winged  serpent, 
369,  372- 

Lignite,  discoidal  of,  394. 

Limonite,  discoidals  of,  with  na- 
tural coating  of  hematite,  394. 

Linear  reduction  of  pottery,  etc., 
when  figured,  345. 

Lucas,  Prof.  F.  A.,  382,  403. 

Lumholtz,  Dr.  Carl,  348,  359,  396, 
405- 

Man-eagle,  possibly  represented  on 
shell  gorget,  396,  398. 

Meander  decoration  on  pottery, 
352- 

Mica,  perforated  discs  of,  as  ear- 
phigs,  395. 

Miller,  Dr.  M.  G.,  337. 

Modeling-tool,  345. 

Moundville  a center  of  aboriginal 
art,  405. 

Moundville  a religious  center,  404. 

Moundville  revisited,  337. 

Mushroom-shaped  object  of  earth- 
enware, 345. 

Mussel-shell,  showing  wear,  399. 

Mussel-shell,  with  burial,  343. 

McGuire,  Joseph  D.,  his  opinion  as 
to  the  eagle-pipe,  390. 

Needle,  bone,  fragment  with  eye, 
382. 

Objects,  association  of,  403. 

“Open  eye”-symbol  discussed,  400. 

“Open  eye”-symbol,  so-called,  on 
pottery,  362,  400. 

Open  hand  and  eye  design  on  pot- 
tery, 346,  351. 

Open  hand  and  eye  on  sheet-copper 
gorget,  400. 

Ornament  of  shell  resembling  two 
united  globes,  399. 

Oven  of  clay,  pot  shaped,  404. 

Painted  decoration  on  pottery, 
346,  356,  357. 

Paint,  red,  from  hematite,  392. 

Paint,  red,  interior  decoration  of 
vessel,  346. 


INDEX. 


473 


Paint,  white,  from  white-lead,  39 2. 

Palettes,  ceremonial,  for  paint,  391, 
403- 

Pearl  on  copper  gorget,  402. 

Pearl  on  copper  pendant,  401. 

Pearls,  398,  401,  402,  403. 

Pendant  of  copper,  with  pearl,  401. 

Pendant  of  copper,  with  six-pointed 
star,  399. 

Pendant  of  copper,  with  unique 
decoration,  399. 

Pendant  of  shell  in  form  of  cere- 
monial axe,  394,  398. 

Pendants  of  copper,  bird-head,  400. 

Pendants  of  copper,  with  swastika, 
401. 

Pendants  of  sheet-copper,  342,  399, 
400,  401,  402,  403,  404. 

Perforated  discs  of  earthenware, 
345- 

Piercers  of  bone,  404. 

Pilsbry,  Dr.  H.  A.,  343. 

Pins,  bone,  on  copper-coated  ear- 
plugs of  wood,  402,  404. 

Pins,  bone,  with  fragments  of  cop- 
per hair-ornaments,  404. 

Pipe  of  limestone,  representing 
eagle,  384. 

Pipe  of  limestone,  unique  form 
and  decoration,  384. 

Plumed  or  horned  serpent  connec- 
ted with  sun-worship,  405. 

Plumed  or  horned  serpent  on  pot- 
tery, 374,  376,  377. 

Plumed  serpent-design,  with  bird's 
tail  and  rattles,  377. 

Plumed  serpent-design,  with  bird’s 
tail  instead  of  rattles,  377. 

Plumed  serpent,  head,  wings  and 
tail  of,  on  pottery,  374. 

Post-Columbian  relics,  absence  of, 
at  Moundville,  340. 

Pottery,  344,  345. 

Pottery  at  Moundville,  shell-tem- 1 
pered.  345. 

Pottery,  black  coating  on,  how  con-  ! 
ferred,  345. 

Pottery,  broken,  how  treated  by  us, 
345- 

Pottery,  linear  reduction  of,  when 
figured,  345. 

Pottery,  only  noteworthy  specimens 
described,  345. 


Precious  metals,  absent  at  Mound- 
ville, 340. 

Prehistoric  site,  Moundville  a,  340. 

Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,  382. 

Quadrilateral  vessels,  with  stepped 
margins,  357,  359. 

Rattles  of  wood,  copper-coated,  402, 

403. 

Rattlesnake,  horned  and  winged, 
374,  376. 

Rattlesnake,  winged,  369,  374. 

Redressing  of  broken  pottery,  abor- 
iginal, 346. 

1 Scroll,  interlocking,  and  serpent- 
crest  decoration  on  vessel,  377, 
379- 

Scrolls,  interlocked,  design  derived 
from  plumed  serpent,  377,  379. 

Seler,  Prof.  Dr.  Edouard,  346,  348, 

367- 

Serpent-bird  design  on  pottery,  351. 

Serpent,  conventionalized,  on  shell 
gorget,  396. 

Serpent-design,  conventionalized, 
first  step  toward,  377. 

Serpent-design,  conventionalized, 
next  step,  377,  379. 

Serpent-design,  conventionalized, 
ultimate  step,  379. 

Serpent,  plumed,  design  with  bird's 
tail  and  rattles,  377. 

Serpent,  plumed,  design  with  bird’s 
tail  instead  of  rattles,  377. 

Serpent,  plumed,  head,  wings  and 
tail  of,  on  pottery,  374. 

Serpent,  plumed  or  horned,  on  pot- 
tery, 374-  376.  377- 

Sheet-copper  hair-ornaments,  404. 

Sheet-copper  pendants,  342,  400. 

Shell  beads,  343,  344,  398,  401,  402, 
403,  404. 

Shell  drinking-cup,  decorated,  395. 

Shell  gorgets,  396. 

Shell  hair-pins,  398. 

Shell  inlay  in  form  of  eye,  403. 

Shell  objects,  395. 

Shell  object,  spool-shaped,  398. 

Shell  ornament,  resembling  two 
united  globes,  399. 

Shell  pendant  in  form  of  ceremonial 
axe,  394,  398. 


Shell-tempered  pottery  at  Mound- 
ville, 345- 

Six  directions,  symbols  of  the,  348. 

Skeleton  hand  and  forearm  on  pot- 
tery, 367. 

Skull  and  open  hand  on  bottle,  356. 

Skulls  from  Moundville,  338,  340. 

Spearhead  of  chert,  395. 

Spool-shaped  objects  of  shell,  398. 

Star,  seven-pointed,  on  pottery,  362. 

Star,  six-pointed,  on  sheet-copper 
pendant,  399. 

Stepped  decoration  incised  on  rude 
palette,  392. 

Stepped  margins,  quadrilateral  ves- 
sels with,  357,  359. 

Stone  bowl  representing  bird  of 
prey,  382,  384. 

Stone  objects,  382. 

Stone  pipe,  representing  eagle,  384. 

Stone,  Witmer,  384. 

Sun-worship  at  Moundville,  404. 

Sun-worship  at  Moundville  indi- 
cated by  decoration  on  vessels, 
404- 

Sun-worship  connected  with  eagle, 
giant  woodpecker,  the  six  direc- 
tions, 404,  405. 

Sun  -worship  in  Moundville  region, 
404- 

Sun-worship,  plumed  or  horned 
serpent  connected  with,  405. 

Suspension  of  bottle  by  cord,  shown 
by  abraded  neck,  376. 

Swastika  on  banner  of  Tuscaloosa, 
348.  349- 

Swastika  on  pendants  of  copper, 
401. 

Swastika  on  pottery,  346,  349,  351, 
357- 

Swastika  well-known  in  Moundville 
region,  348. 

Swastika  with  eagles’  heads,  351. 

Syphilis,  evidence  of,  at  Mound- 
ville, 339. 

Syphilitic  bones,  report  on,  339. 

Tascaluya,  correct  Creek  for  Black 
Warrior,  349. 

Thruston,  Gen.  Gates  P.,  345,  356. 

Tuscaloosa,  the  cacique,  348,  349, 
404. 

Tuscaloosa,  the  city,  337. 


60  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIII. 


474 


INDEX. 


Urn-burials,  338,  342,  343. 

Vanatta,  E.  G.,  343. 

Vase  of  diorite  found  on  first  visit 
to  Moundville,  382. 

Vessel  of  limestone,  representing 
bird  of  prey,  382,  384. 

Wardle,  H.  Newell,  405. 


Arrowheads,  419. 

Association  of  objects,  423. 

Astragali  of  deer,  423. 

Balls  of  stone,  418. 

Bar-amulet  of  slate,  418. 

Beads  of  shell,  scarcity  of,  at 
Crystal  River,  418. 

Bitumen,  416. 

Bone  implements,  423,  424. 

Burials,  form  of,  408. 

Burials,  how  situated,  407. 

Catlinite,  ornament  of,  419. 

“Celts”  of  shell,  41 5. 

“Celts”  of  stone,  418. 

Ceremonial  deposits  in  the  shell, 
409. 

Chisels  of  shell,  415,  424. 

Complicated  stamp  on  pottery,  410. 

Copper  ear-plug  coated  with  mete- 
oric iron,  421. 

Coral  smoothing-stones,  421. 

Cranial  compression  not  practised 
at  Crystal  River,  408. 

Crania  preserved,  408. 

Crystal  River  Revisited,  407. 

Deposits  of  shell  overlying'  burials, 
407,  408. 

Dog,  jaws  of,  423. 

Dog,  prehistoric,  Professor  Lucas 
as  to,  423. 

Double  burial  of  infants,  408. 

Drinking-cups  from  shells  other 
than  the  conch,  415. 

Drinking-cups  of  shell,  415,  423, 
424. 

Ear-plug  of  copper,  coated  with 
meteoric  iron,  421. 


Weapons,  comparative  absence  of,[ 
at  Moundville,  395. 

White-lead  paint,  how  obtained  by- 
aborigines,  392. 

Winged  rattlesnake,  369,  374. 

Wings  of  eagle  or  serpent,  on  pot- 
tery, 369. 

Woodpecker  connected  with  sun- 
worship,  404,  405. 


CRYSTAL  RIVER  REVISITED. 

Feet,  vessels  with,  not  necessarily 
post-Columbian,  412. 

Fossil  wood,  mass  of,  424. 

Fragments  of  remarkable  vessel, 
411- 

Gorgets  of  shell,  415,  416,  423. 

Gorgets  of  shell,  of  peculiar  shape, 
416. 

Gouges  of  shell,  413. 

Hair-pins  of  shell,  absence  cf,  418. 

Hand,  open,  design  on  fragment  of 
vessel,  41 1. 

Hematite,  red,  with  burials,  408, 
409,  4 AC  424- 

Holmes,  Prof.  W.  H.,  41 1. 

Implements  of  bone,  423,  424. 

law  of  deer,  showing  workman- 
ship, 423,  424. 

Keller,  Dr.  H.  F.,  421. 

Kinnicutt,  Dr.  L.  P.,  421. 

Knuckle-bones  of  deer,  423. 

Lanceheads,  419,  424. 

Lancets,  from  tails  of  sting-rays, 
423,  424. 

Life-form  in  earthenware,  absent 
from  central  west-coast  of  Flori- 
da, 412. 

Limonite  with  burials,  408. 

Lucas,  Prof.  F.  A.,  423. 

Merrill,  Dr.  George  P.,  424. 

Meteoric  iron  from  mounds.  Pro- 
fessor Putnam  as  to,  421. 

Meteoric  iron  on  sheet-copper  ear- 
plug, 421. 

Mica,  419,  423,  424. 

Mills,  William  C.,  M.  Sc.,  422. 


Woodpecker-head,  possible  model 
for  copper  pendants,  400. 

Woodpecker,  ivory-bill,  design  on 
pottery,  360,  361. 

World-“quarters,”  the  six,  348. 

World-“quarters,”  six,  connected 
with  sun-worship,  404,  405. 


Monitor  pipe,  fragment  of,  412. 

Moorehead,  W.  K.,  422. 

Mortuary  mutilation  of  pottery, 
4U-  414- 

Mortuary  perforation  of  shell 
drinking-cups,  415. 

Mound,  construction  of,  425. 

Mound,  objects  in,  superior  to 
those  in  cemetery,  424. 

Objects  of  stone,  418,  419. 

Ornament  of  catlinite,  419. 

Ornaments  of  shell,  416,  418. 

Pendant,  fossil  shark's  tooth,  420. 

Pendants  of  shell,  416,  423. 

Pendants  of  stone,  419,  420,  423, 

424. 

Pendants,  their  position  on  burials, 
424- 

Perforations  for  suspension  of  ves- 
sel, 413,  414. 

Pilsbrv,  Dr.  II.  A.,  415. 

Pipe,  monitor,  fragment  of,  412. 

Pottery,  409,  410,  41 1,  412,  413, 
40.  415- 

Pottery  chiefly  found  in  the  mound 
proper,  409. 

Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,  421,  422. 

Shell  beads,  scarcity  of,  at  Crystal 
River,  418. 

Shell  “celts,”  415. 

Shell  chisels,  415,  424. 

Shell  drinking-cups,  415,  423,  424. 

Shell  gorgets,  415,  416,  423. 

Shell  gouges,  415. 

Shell  hair-pins,  absence  of,  418. 

Shell,  objects  of,  of  eccentric  form, 
418. 

Shell  ornaments,  416,  418. 


INDEX. 


475 


Shell  pendants,  416,  423,  424. 
Shells,  small,  used  as  beads,  416, 
423- 

Shells  other  than  the  conch,  used 
for  drinking  cups,  415. 

Shell  tools,  415. 

Sherds,  409,  410,  41 1,  412,  413. 
Smoothing-tools  of  coral,  421. 
Spearheads,  419,  424. 


Stamped  designs  on  pottery,  410. 
Sting-ray,  lancets  of,  423,  424. 
Stone  balls,  418. 

Stone  objects,  418,  419. 

Stone  pendants,  419,  420,  423,  424. 

Tools  of  shell,  415. 

Tooth  of  fossil  shark,  used  as 
pendant,  420. 


Turtle,  catlinite  ornament  in  form 
of,  419. 

Vessel,  remarkable,  fragments  of, 
411. 

Vessels  of  pottery,  description  of, 
413,  414.  415- 

Vessels  with  feet  not  necessarily 
post-Columbian,  412. 


MOUNDS  OF  THE  LOWER  CHATTAHOOCHEE  AND  LOWER  FLINT  RIVERS. 


Base,  double,  vessel  with,  431. 

Beads  of  shell,  450. 

Brass  gorget,  450. 

Burial,  forms  of,  430,  449,  450, 
45  L 452- 

Burial  mounds  where  present  on 
Chattahoochee  River,  427. 

Burial  place  on  Chason  Plantation, 

456. 

“Celts,”  430,  449,  451,  452. 

Cemetery,  post-Columbian,  449. 

Ceremonial  deposits  of  earthen- 
ware, 427,  429,  430,  438,  442, 
45C  453- 

Ceremonial  mortuary  vessels,  431, 
432.  435- 

Charcoal  with  burials,  430,  451, 
453- 

Chattahoochee  River,  its  course, 
427- 

Compartment  vessels,  443,  444. 

Compartment  vessels,  where  found, 
444- 

Decoration  on  pottery,  429,  430, 
431,  432,  434,  438,  442,  443,  446, 
449,  451,  453,  454,  456. 

Domiciliary  mounds,  where  pres- 
ent on  the  Chattahoochee  River, 
427- 

Double  base,  vessel  with,  431. 

Double  mortuary  perforation  in 
base  of  vessel,  454. 

Drinking-cups  of  shell,  430. 

Dwelling-site,  near  Hall’s  upper 
landing,  449. 

Earthenware,  ceremonial  deposits 
of,  427,  429,  430,  438,  442,  451, 

453- 


Effigy-vessels,  427,  431,  432,  435, 
43§- 

Excised  ware,  northernmost  oc- 
currence of,  432. 

Excisions  in  pottery  vessels,  427, 
43  L 432,  435- 

Eye-design  on  pottery,  451. 

Feather-symbol,  432,  434,  435. 

Feet  on  vessels,  453. 

Flint  River,  its  course,  427. 

Galena,  430,  453. 

Gorget  of  brass,  450. 

Hodge,  F.  W„  444. 

“Hoe-shaped  implement,”  451. 

Holmes,  Prof.  W.  IT.,  453.  ~ 

Keller,  Dr.  IT.  F.,  452. 

Lead  sulphide,  430,  453. 

Leg-symbol,  432,  438. 

Life-forms  in  pottery,  427,  431, 
432,  435-  438. 

Merrill,  Dr.  George  P.,  442. 

Mica,  430,  437. 

Miller,  Dr.  M.  G.,  428. 

Mortuary,  ceremonial  vessels,  431, 
432,  435- 

Mortuary  perforation,  double,  in 
base  of  vessel,  454. 

Mortuary  perforation  of  base  of 
vessels,  427,  429,  430,  431,  435, 

438.  444-  446.  45 L 453-  454- 

Mortuary  ware  usually  inferior 
quality,  431. 

Mound  above  Eufaula,  448. 

Mound  and  cemetery  at  Abercrom- 
bie Landing,  449. 

Mound  at  Fort  Gaines,  447. 


Mound  at  Mound  Landing,  450. 

Mound  below  Columbia,  444. 

Mound  below  Hare's  Landing,  429. 

Mound  near  Colomokee  Creek,  447. 

Mound  near  Fullmore’s  Upper 
Landing,  438. 

Mound  near  Georgetown,  448. 

Mound  near  Howard’s  Landing, 
446. 

Mound  near  Kemp’s  Landing,  428. 

Mound  near  Kerr’s  Landing,  452. 

Mound  near  Log  Landing,  450. 

Mound  near  Munnerlyn’s  Landing, 
45 T- 

Mound  near  Old  Rambo  Landing, 
437- 

Mound  near  Paulk’s  Landing,  446. 

Mound  near  Shoemake  Landing, 
437- 

Mound  near  Steammill  Landing, 
437- 

Mound  near  Upper  Francis  Land- 
ing, 448. 

Mounds  and  sites  investigated  on 
Chattahoochee  River,  428. 

Mounds  and  sites  investigated  on 
Flint  River,  428,  450. 

Mounds,  burial,  where  present  on 
Chattahoochee  River,  427. 

Mounds,  domiciliary,  where  pres- 
ent on  Chattahoochee  River,  427. 

Mounds  near  Purcell’s  Landing, 
446. 

Mounds  near  Rood’s  Landing,  448. 

Mounds  near  Stark’s  Clay  Land- 
ing, 447- 

Mounds  near  Woolfolk's  Landing, 
449- 

Mounds  of  the  lower  Chattahoo- 
chee and  lower  Flint  Rivers,  427. 


476 


INDEX. 


Paint,  green,  on  pottery,  449. 

Paint,  red,  coating  pottery,  430, 
43 P 432.  435-  442,  443-  446,  449, 
45P  453- 

Paint,  red,  design  in,  on  pottery, 
443-  456- 

Pendant,  stone,  449. 

Perforation,  mortuary,  of  base  of 
vessels,  427,  429,  430,  431,  435, 
438-  444-  446,  45 P 453-  454- 

NOTES  O 

Addison’s  Key,  460. 

Adzes  or  knives  from  bits  of  clam- 
shell, 460. 

Ash-heaps,  great,  on  the  shell  keys, 
470- 

Bead  of  shell,  462. 

Chokoloskee  Key,  461,  462,  463, 
469,  470. 

Clam-shells,  notched  fragments  of, 
460. 

Clam-shell  tools,  how  used,  469. 
Clam-shell  used  as  tool,  469. 
Crawford  Place,  460,  468. 

Cross  of  four  directions  on  orna- 
ment of  shell,  462. 

Cross  of  four  directions  on  shell 
gorget,  460. 

Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton,  458, 

460,  465,  469,  470. 

Duck-head  pendants,  459. 

Effigy  of  human  head,  462. 

Eyes  and  mouth,  incised  on  pen- 
dant, 460. 

Fikahatchee  Key,  461,  467,  468, 

469- 

Goodland  Point,  460,  467. 

Gorget  of  shell,  of  peculiar  form, 

461. 

Gorget  of  shell,  460,  461. 

Grooved  obiects  of  shell  and  of 
stone , not  used  for  fishing,  458. 

Hammers,  shell,  probably  made 
from  worn  picks,  466. 

Holes  for  attachment  in  shell  im- 
plements, 463,  465. 


Piercers  of  bone,  450. 

Pilsbry,  Dr.  H.  A.,  450. 

Pipe  of  earthenware,  450. 

Pipe  of  soapstone,  451. 
Post-Columbian  cemetery,  449. 
Pottery,  427,  429,  430,  431,  432, 

434-  435-  438-  442,  443-  444-  446, 
449,  45  t,  453,  454,  456. 

Pottery,  life-forms  in,  427,  431, 
432,  435-  438. 

ST  THE  TEN  THOUSAND  ISLANDS, 

Holes  for  attachment  not  always 
present  in  shell  tools,  465. 

Hones  of  sandstone,  468. 

Human  head,  effigy  of,  462. 

Implement  of  shell,  special  form 
of,  467. 

Implements  from  entire  shells,  463, 
463,  666,  467,  468,  469,  470. 
Implements  from  entire  shells,  uses 
of,  463. 

Implements  of  shell,  how  fastened, 

465- 

Knives  or  hand-adzes,  from  bits  of 
clam-shell,  460. 

Little  Marco,  458,  460,  468. 
Lossman’s  Key,  463,  467. 

Marco,  458,  459,  460,  465,  469. 
Mcllvaine’s  Key,  460,  465,  466. 

Net-sinkers  and  scrapers  of  shell, 
470- 

Notes  on  the  Ten  Thousand 
Islands,  Florida,  458. 

Ornaments  of  shell,  458,  459,  460, 
462. 

Ornaments  of  shell,  with  cross  of 
four  directions,  460,  462. 
Ornaments  of  stone,  458,  459,  462. 

Pendant  of  shell,  in  form  of  canine 
tooth,  462. 

Pendants  of  shell,  458,  462. 
Pendants  of  stone,  458,  459,  462. 
Pendants  in  form  of  duck-head, 
459- 


Pottery  vessels,  excisions  in,  427, 
43 C 432,  435- 

Rocks  with  burials,  430,  442. 

Shell  beads,  450. 

Shells,  small,  used  as  beads,  450. 

Shell  drinking  cups,  430. 

Stamped  design  on  pottery,  429, 
430.  438,  45C  453- 

FLORIDA. 

Pendants,  some  perhaps  “charm- 
stones,”  459. 

Pendant  with  incised  decoration, 
460. 

Pick  of  shell,  unique,  461. 

Pick,  shell,  for  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  465,  466. 

“Plumb-bobs,”  a name  given  to 
pendants  on  the  Keys,  458. 

Pottery,  decoration  on,  458. 

Pottery  used  by  Key-dwellers,  to  a 
limited  extent*  458. 

Right-handedness,  evidence  of,  in 
use  of  clam-shell  tools,  469. 

Russell’s  Key,  461. 

Sandstone  hones,  468. 

Scrapers  and  net-sinkers  of  shell, 
470- 

Shark’s  teeth,  use  of,  460. 

Sharks'  teeth,  use  of,  460. 

Shell  bead,  462. 

Shell  ornaments,  458,  459,  460,  462. 

Special  form  of  tool  of  shell,  467. 

Ten  Thousand  Islands,  where 
situated,  458. 

Tool  from  clam-shell,  469. 

Tool  of  shell,  special  form  of,  467. 

Tools  from  clam-shells,  how  used, 
469- 

Tools  from  entire  shells,  463,  465, 
466,  467,  468,  469,  470. 

Tools  from  entire  shells,  uses  of, 

463- 

Tools  of  shell,  how  fastened,  465. 

Wason,  or  Cora,  Key,  468. 


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/ 


CONTENTS. 


- 


* Moundville  Revisited.  By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

* Crystal  River  Revisited.  By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

* Mounds  of  the  Lower  Chattaliooche  and  Lower  Flint  Rivers.  By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

* Notes  on  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  Florida.  By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

*’  Extra  copies  printed  for  the  author,  September  20,  1907. 


